Panel data models are used to analyse data that contains observations on multiple individuals or groups over a period of time. These models are useful in many fields, including economics, social sciences, and medical research. One important issue that arises in panel data models is the problem of evaluating the equality of many groups. In this article, we will discuss a precise procedure for evaluating the equality of many groups in panel data models. The problem of evaluating the equality of many groups arises when we want to compare the means or other statistics of multiple groups over time. For example, suppose we have data on the test scores of students in different schools over a period of several years. We might want to compare the average test scores of students in different schools to see if there are any significant differences between them. However, we may also want to see if these differences are consistent over time, or if they change from year to year.
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