Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) stands as a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Characterized by progressive airflow limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms, COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis, emphysema and refractory asthma. Despite being largely preventable and treatable, COPD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. However, recent advancements in research have shed light on various aspects of COPD, from its underlying mechanisms to innovative management strategies, offering hope for improved outcomes and enhanced quality of life for those affected by this debilitating condition. The primary risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking, although other factors such as environmental pollutants, genetic predisposition and respiratory infections also contribute to disease development. Prolonged exposure to air pollution, occupational dusts and chemicals and indoor biomass fuel use are significant risk factors, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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