Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, leading to severe complications if not managed early. Early diagnosis and prognosis are crucial for effective intervention and management. This review evaluates recent advancements in novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of T2DM. We focus on genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers, discussing their potential roles and the clinical evidence supporting their use. The review highlights the promise of these biomarkers in improving diagnostic accuracy, predicting disease progression, and enabling personalized treatment strategies.
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