For a variety of childhood hematologic malignancies as well as to treat congenital disorders in which these functions are diminished or missing, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is used to restore hematologic and immunologic competence. High doses of chemotherapy, often combined with total-body irradiation, are used to prepare the patient for BMT. Infection, vascular problems, therapy-induced cytotoxicity, graft versus host disease (GVHD), and return of preexisting diseases are the most prevalent and clinically important consequences. Because CNS consequences can be catastrophic, early diagnosis is critical for successful management and a good prognosis. CT and MRI scans are useful for early diagnosis, which increases the chances of a successful treatment.
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