Cytogenetic, the study of chromosomes and their abnormalities, has been revolutionized by techniques like G-banding and molecular cytogenetic. These methodologies are crucial in understanding genetic disorders, identifying novel translocations and uncovering cryptic aberrations in various cell types, including Human Immortal Endothelial Cells (HIECs). This article explores the principles, applications and significance of G-banding and molecular cytogenetic in the context of HIECs. G-banding, a technique developed in the 1970s, involves staining chromosomes to create a characteristic banding pattern. The process begins with cell culture and metaphase arrest, often using colchicine or other mitotic inhibitors. Cells are then harvested and treated with hypotonic solution to swell them, making the chromosomes more accessible. Next, the cells are fixed and dropped onto slides, which are then subjected to trypsin digestion and Giemsa staining. Giemsa stains DNA preferentially, resulting in a banding pattern that highlights variations in chromatin condensation along the chromosome length.
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