Genetically engineered biosensors represent a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, where living organisms are purposefully modified to detect specific molecules or environmental conditions, converting this recognition into measurable signals. These biosensors offer a versatile platform for a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial processes, and even biosecurity. At the heart of genetically engineered biosensors lies the genetic modification of living organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells. These modifications involve the introduction of genes encoding sensing elements, which are typically proteins or genetic circuits designed to respond to the presence or concentration of a target molecule. The genetic material is integrated into the host organism's genome or maintained on plasmid vectors, ensuring heritable transmission of the engineered traits.
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