Climate change poses significant challenges to ecosystems worldwide, driving shifts in species distributions, altering ecological interactions, and threatening biodiversity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of ecosystem responses to climate change, focusing on three primary strategies: adaptation, migration, and extinction. Adaptation involves physiological and behavioral changes that enable species to cope with altered environmental conditions. Migration refers to shifts in species distributions as they track suitable habitats. Extinction occurs when species fail to adapt or migrate in response to climate changes. The paper synthesizes current research on these responses, highlighting case studies and the mechanisms underlying them. It also discusses the implications for ecosystem functioning and biodiversity conservation. By understanding these responses, we can better anticipate and mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems, informing conservation strategies and policy development. Adaptation involves physiological and behavioral changes enabling species to adjust to new environmental conditions. Migration refers to shifts in species distributions to track suitable habitats. Extinction occurs when species fail to adapt or migrate, leading to their disappearance. The paper synthesizes recent research on these responses, highlighting key examples and underlying mechanisms. It discusses the implications of these responses for ecosystem functioning, biodiversity conservation, and management strategies. By understanding these dynamics, we aim to provide insights for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and safeguard biodiversity.
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