Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global public health challenge that affects millions of people worldwide and is characterized by a gradual decline in kidney function. Early detection of CKD is crucial to slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. Traditionally, the diagnosis of CKD relies on serum creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but these biomarkers do not detect the disease until it has already reached an advanced stage. In recent years, metabolomics, the comprehensive study of metabolites within biological systems, has emerged as a promising tool for the early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of CKD.
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