Journal of Trauma & Treatment

Leadership and Moral Stress: Individual Reaction Patterns among First Responders in Acute Situations that Involve Moral Stressors

Abstract

S Nilsson, P Hyllengren, A Ohlsson, K Kallenberg, G Waaler and G Larsson

The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of individual reaction patterns among professional first responders (emergency treatment, military officers, and police officers) during and after acute situations that involve moral stressors in combination with cumulative stress. Swedish and Norwegian informants within these professional groups were interviewed (n=37). Data were analyzed according to a grounded theory approach. A model was developed according to which long-term effects following such stress exposure depends on the character of the continued everyday living. In particular, the frequency and intensity of perceived daily hassles and uplifts is important. Cognitivebehavioral aspects are discussed to prevent and/or reduce negative long-term reactions.