The field of HIV diagnosis has evolved rapidly over the past few decades, with technological advances playing a critical role in improving the accuracy, speed, and comprehensiveness of testing methods. Among these innovations, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a powerful tool that is reshaping the way HIV is diagnosed, monitored, and treated. NGS, a technology that allows for the high-throughput sequencing of DNA and RNA, is revolutionizing HIV diagnostics by providing detailed insights into the virus’s genetic makeup. This ability to examine the entire genome of HIV has profound implications for early detection, personalized treatment, and long-term management of the disease. Historically, HIV diagnosis relied on serological tests that detected the presence of antibodies or antigens produced by the immune system in response to the virus. While these tests are effective, they have limitations. In particular, there is a “window period” after infection during which antibodies are not yet detectable, even though the virus is actively replicating in the body [1,2].
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