Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and function with aging, poses significant challenges to the health and independence of older adults. This comprehensive review provides an overview of recent advances in sarcopenia therapies, encompassing insights into pathogenesis mechanisms and emerging treatment innovations. Understanding the multifactorial etiology of sarcopenia, including age-related hormonal changes, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and physical inactivity, is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Recent research has elucidated the role of molecular pathways, such as the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) axis, myostatin signaling and protein synthesis pathways, in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, offering potential targets for pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Treatment innovations include resistance training, protein supplementation, pharmacological agents targeting myostatin inhibition and hormonal therapies aiming to restore anabolic hormone levels. Additionally, emerging modalities such as nutraceuticals, dietary interventions and regenerative medicine approaches hold promise for preserving muscle mass and function in aging populations. This review synthesizes current evidence on sarcopenia pathogenesis and treatment strategies, highlighting opportunities for personalized and multidimensional approaches to sarcopenia management in clinical practice.
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