Rajendra Nerli
A renal mass/Renal cell carcinoma has a range of histologies and tumour phenotypes that it presents with a particular challenge to treat them. A renal mass can range from benign (oncocytoma) to a clinically indolent malignancy (papillary type I, chromophobe) to aggressive disease [papillary type II or high-grade clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)]. Even among various subtypes, kidney cancers are genetically diverse with variable prognoses and treatment response rates. The key to proper management depends on the identification of these subtypes. Currently, a wide array of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers are available to help guide the individualized care of kidney cancer patients. This paper discusses the various serum, urine, and imaging biomarkers that are available in practice
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