Endogenous tiny non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) control the expression of genes. Several mechanisms, including miRNA gene amplification or deletion, improper miRNA transcriptional control, dysregulated epigenetic alterations, and flaws in the miRNA biogenesis machinery, have been shown to contribute to the dysregulation of miRNA expression in human cancer. Under specific circumstances, miRNAs can act as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. The hallmarks of cancer, such as maintaining proliferative signalling, dodging growth inhibitors, resisting cell death, triggering invasion and metastasis, and generating angiogenesis, have been linked to the dysregulated miRNAs. MiRNAs have been implicated in an increasing number of studies as possible biomarkers for human cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment targets or tools; nevertheless, further research and validation are required. In this review, we emphasise how miRNAs function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes to control the emergence of human cancers.
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