Epigenetic modifications play a critical role in the development and progression of cancer by regulating gene expression patterns, chromatin structure, and cellular phenotypes. Targeting epigenetic abnormalities has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, offering opportunities to reverse aberrant gene silencing, restore tumor suppressor function, and inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of targeting epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy. We explore the mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation in cancer, the therapeutic agents targeting epigenetic enzymes and readers, the clinical applications of epigenetic therapies, and the challenges associated with drug resistance, toxicity, and patient selection. Despite challenges, epigenetic therapies hold promise for improving cancer treatment outcomes and overcoming therapeutic resistance through personalized and precision medicine approaches.
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