For every measure, there were significant differences between the groups (p 0.05). While GDF15 levels were identical to CG (p > 0.05), post-hoc analysis revealed that CTRP9, CTRP2, and GDF8 levels were different from CG (p 0.05). GDF8 levels were comparable in the SG and TG groups (p > 0.05), while GDF15 levels decreased in both training groups (p 0.05). Taking astaxanthin supplements and exercising for a total of 12 weeks reduced adipokine levels, anthropometrical variables (BMI), and body composition (weight,%fat), and enhanced lipid and metabolic profiles. These advantages were more pronounced for the TSG group's obese men.
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