Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) remains a rare and enigmatic lung disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of surfactant proteins within the alveoli. Despite its rarity, PAP presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. This review aims to elucidate recent research insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of PAP. Through a critical analysis of current literature, we explore the molecular pathways, diagnostic modalities and emerging therapeutic strategies that hold promise for improving clinical outcomes in patients with PAP. By synthesizing the latest findings, this review provides valuable guidance for clinicians and researchers involved in the care and investigation of this complex respiratory condition.
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