HPAM can be removed using a variety of chemical and thermal methods, but they are not very good for the environment and can be quite pricey. Biodegradation with the help of single or mixed microbes known as biofilms is touted as one of the various treatments that can be used to solve the problem without causing any negative side effects. In both laboratory-scale and field-scale studies, numerous researchers have investigated and reported the potential of such bioremediation technology with varying HPAM removal efficiency from oil field produced water.
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Journal of Environmental Hazards received 40 citations as per Google Scholar report
