HIV infection has been associated with an increased incidence of certain malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. The interplay between HIV infection, immunosuppression, chronic inflammation, viral co-infections, and genetic factors contributes to the development of these malignancies. This section provides an introduction to the topic and highlights the significance of studying HIV-associated malignancies [1,2]. HIV-induced immune dysfunction plays a central role in the development of HIV-associated malignancies. Immune surveillance mechanisms are compromised, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and impaired tumour surveillance. This section explores the immune dysregulation mechanisms implicated in HIV-associated malignancies.