Life expectancy is a critical indicator of the health and well-being of a population. It is influenced by various factors, including social determinants of health, access to healthcare, lifestyle choices, and environmental conditions. This section provides an introduction to the topic and highlights the significance of examining sex differences in life expectancy within the context of French Guiana. French Guiana is a unique region with a diverse population, including indigenous communities, descendants of African slaves, and migrants from neighbouring countries. This section provides an overview of the geographical and demographic characteristics of French Guiana [1,2]. Understanding the sociocultural context is crucial for comprehending the sex differences in life expectancy. This section explores factors such as gender roles, cultural practices, and socioeconomic conditions that may influence health outcomes in French Guiana.