The introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has significantly improved the prognosis and life expectancy of People Living With HIV (PLWH). However, as this population ages, the incidence of cancer has emerged as an important health concern. This article explores the evolution of cancer incidence in PLWH during different periods of antiretroviral treatment, highlighting the impact of ART on cancer risk. It provides an overview of the changing landscape of HIVassociated cancers, discusses potential mechanisms underlying the observed trends, and explores the implications for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in PLWH. The diagnosis of cancer in PLWH may present unique challenges due to potential interactions between cancer and HIV infection. This section explores the implications for cancer screening, diagnosis, and management in PLWH.
With the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of PLWH has substantially improved. However, this population now faces new challenges, including an increased risk of developing certain types of cancers. This section introduces the topic and highlights the importance of understanding the evolution of cancer incidence in different periods of antiretroviral treatment [1,2].