Prior to the availability of effective ART, opportunistic infections, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were the most commonly observed cancers in PLWH? This section discusses the epidemiology and characteristics of HIV-associated cancers during the pre-ART era. The introduction of ART led to a significant decline in the incidence of opportunistic infections, resulting in a shift in the spectrum of HIV-associated cancers. This section explores the changing landscape of cancers observed during the early ART era and the impact of immune reconstitution on cancer risk [3-5]. With the widespread use of potent and combination ART regimens, PLWH are living longer, which has led to an increasing incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers. This section discusses the emergence of non-AIDS-defining cancers, such as lung, liver, and anal cancers, in the current ART era [6]. The immune reconstitution observed with ART may contribute to the changing patterns of cancer incidence in PLWH. This section explores the mechanisms by which immune reconstitution affects cancer development and progression.