Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Objective: The emergence of Carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae complex has been a serious challenge to manage in the clinic because of multi-drug resistance. Tigecycline is regarded as one of the last-resort for Carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae complex infections. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a tigecycline resistant NDM-1-producing E. hormaechei strain ETR1 that was isolated from a male in China.
Methods: Whole-genomic DNA of E. hormaechei strain ETR1 was extracted and was sequenced using an Illumina-HiseqTM X Ten platform. The generated sequence reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench. The draft genome was annotated using Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology. Bioinformatics analysis was further performed.
Results: The 5,141,975 bp genome contains various antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone and tetracycline. Notably, the strain was also resistant to carbapenem and tigecycline. In addition, virulence factor encoding genes were also identified.
Conclusion: The genome sequence will provide valuable information to understand antibiotic resistance mechanisms and pathogenic mechanisms in this strain. Close surveillance is urgently needed to monitor the spread of tigecycline resistant NDM-1-producing isolates.

Multi-drug resistant is a global public health concern. There has been an increase in infections caused by multidrug resistant micro-organisms in Sub Saharan Africa. This has led to extended illness, expensive health care and deaths. This experimental study was aimed to determine the anti-microbial activity of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Warbugia ugandensis, Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera on standard bacteria and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Tetracycline drug was used as the reference drug. The bacteria were treated with extracts at different concentrations to determine the zones of inhibition through Agar Diffusion Assay, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays. Raw data was analyzed using one-way and two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Zones of inhibition ranged from 6.5 mm to 9.98 mm on the multi-drug resistant isolates, while those of the standard bacteria ranged from 6.5 mm to 12.00 mm. Methanol extracts of W. ugandensis, M. oleifera and A. vera at the concentration of 400 mg/ml had higher zones of inhibition against multi-drug resistant S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts indicated a concentration-dependent response. The minimum bactericidal concentration values obtained were double the minimum inhibitory concentration values. Methanol extracts recorded lower minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations compared to aqueous extracts. Phytochemicals which were present, included alkaloids, cardenolide glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, saponins and anthracin glycosides. These phytochemicals are associated with antimicrobial activities. This study showed potent antimicrobial activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of W. ugandensis, M. oleifera and A. vera against the multi-drug resistant and standard bacteria tested. The extracts, therefore, may be used to develop alternative therapeutics in the management of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

Background: Wounds infection occurs due to contamination of wounds with microbes. Wounds infection can lead to serious complications as a result of localize or hematogenous spread of their causative pathogens.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolates to commonly use antibiotics for wounds infections.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional, hospital and laboratory based study, carried out during period from October 2016 to August 2017. Wound swab was collected from each participant and cultured directly on blood and MacConkey agar; then incubated at 37°C aerobically for 24 hours. Each isolate was identified base on culture characters, Gram stain and manual biochemical tests. All isolates (hindered) which presumptively identified as a member of Enterobacteriaceae were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 16.
Results: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed an emerge in antimicrobial resistant, among wounds isolates and there is significant difference in the susceptibility of this isolates to antibiotics. Most isolates were sensitive to IPM, and all were resistant to CTR 100%.
Conclusions: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing will be performed as a routine test for patients with wounds infections. Further studies must focus on other highly active and cheaper alternative therapies.

The petroleum ether, methanol and chloroform extracts of five plants were evaluated to detect antibacterial activity against five standards bacterial strain viz Bacillus subtitles (NCTC 8236), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 53657), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), using well-diffusion agar diffusion method. The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts were inactive compared to methanol extracts. The maximum antibacterial activity against the test organisms was found in methanol extract. Methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis had maximum inhibitory activity (32 mm) against Escherichia coli. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of extracts was observed using well diffusion method. Amongst Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli being inhibited at <3.12 mg/ml by Citrullus colocynthis root methanolic extract.

Citrus peels have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. The present study was conducted to determine the difference between two types of orange peel; the first is whole and the second without albedo. The peels were separated from fruits, shade dried, powdered and analyzed (physicochemical and microbiological). The orange peels were found to contain low water content (especially powder without albedo), even a very low source of protein and minerals as well for both types of powders.

For the microbiological analysis, the results indicated that the whole orange peel is very infected purport with the powder containing no albedo.

Background: Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii which is an obligate intracellular parasite with worldwide distribution. The use of nanoparticles is of the methods which have recently been applied in the anti-parasitic studies and have showed the acceptable results.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-toxoplasma ability of gold nanoparticles in vitro.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 ppm of gold nanoparticles at different times of 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes were separately used to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles on the RH strain of tachyzoite of Toxoplasma gondii. The number of live tachyzoites at each concentration as well as at positive and negative controls were determined using microscopy method and trypan blue 1%. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using ANOVA test.
Results: The percentage of live tachyzoites was decreased with increasing of time from 30-180 minutes and increasing of the concentration of gold nanoparticles from 100 to 1000 ppm. The best results were obtained in a concentration of 1000 μg/mL; so that it was able to destroy 100% of tachyzoite in this concentration.
Conclusion: The results showed that gold nanoparticles are able to effectively reduce the tachyzoites of T. gondii and it can be considered as a viable alternative to treat the toxoplasmosis.

Brucellosis, the most common bacterial zoonosis in both human and animals, has a widespread geographic distribution. To prevent this disease in cattle (in the western region of Algeria) and to preserve the quality of the milk and other derivatives, we screened for detecting the presence of serum antibodies (against Brucella) by different immunochemical tests. The wilayets (state) concerned were from Mascara, Relizane, Tiaret and Tissemsilt. The study involved the involvement of techniques such as the buffered antigen test (EAT), indirect enzyme immunoassay (i-ELISA) and the complement fixation (CF). 744 cattle were involved for this investigation. In the wilaya of Mascara, 418 cows were investigated of which only 2 cases were found to be positive by using the EAT and 99 test cases were tested using ELISA. At Tiaret, the total number of dairy cows investigated were 156 out of which, only 1 case was held by EAT positive but the use of immunoassay test showed 14 positive results. A similar observation was made for around 170 cows which were tested in Relizane province where, 8 cases were positively tested using ELISA and the other tests were found to be negative. Out of 5 cows on Tissemsilt controlled, only 1 positive case was detected by ELISA.

The results derived using these three tests identified performance of the immunoassay where many cases of brucellosis found negative in the test by the use of the buffered antigen test and the fixing of supplement. The ELISA was diagnosed with better sensitivity, as among the 744 sera tested, only 3 sera were found positive by the use of tests of the EAT and FC but in case of ELISA, 112 cases were detected positive. The animals which reacted positively towards the ELISA had not done any screening using EAT. At a prevalence of 15.05%, this disease (zoonosis) exists in western Algeria which was revealed by screening of the cattle using ELISA test by which the sensitivity and performance were recognized.