Fluid Mechanics: Open Access

Gravitation, one of the fundamental forces governing the universe, has long captivated scientists and astrophysicists alike. Over the years, numerous breakthroughs have enhanced our comprehension of this enigmatic force. This article explores some of the recent discoveries and advancements that have shed light on the mysteries of gravitation. From gravitational waves and black hole mergers to the confirmation of Einstein's general theory of relativity, these developments have revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these remarkable scientific achievements and their implications for the future of astrophysics. These breakthroughs have opened new avenues for exploration and deepened our knowledge of the universe. By delving into these recent developments, we aim to grasp the ever-evolving nature of our understanding of gravitation and the profound impact it has on our comprehension of the cosmos.

Quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory in physics, has revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world. Among the intriguing phenomena it encompasses is the concept of a quantum vortex. A quantum vortex represents a region in space where particles exhibit quantized rotational motion. These vortices can emerge in various physical systems, ranging from superfluid’s and superconductors to Bose-Einstein condensates and even cosmological structures. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating realm of quantum vortices, exploring their properties, formation mechanisms and applications across different scientific disciplines.

Most marketed HA-based dermal fillers use chemical cross-linking to improve mechanical qualities and extend in vivo lifetime; nevertheless, stiffer formulations with greater elasticity necessitate a higher extrusion force for injection in clinical practise. To strike a balance between longevity and injectability, we suggest thermosensitive dermal filler that is injectable as a low viscosity fluid that gels in situ upon injection. In order to achieve this, HA was attached via a linker to poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), a thermosensitive polymer, using "green chemistry" and water as the solvent. At normal temperature, HA-L-pNIPAM hydrogels had a relatively low viscosity (G′ was 105.1 and 233 for Candidate1 and Belotero Volume, respectively) and spontaneously produced a stiffer gel with submicron structure at body temperature. Hydrogel compositions were found to be more resistant to enzymatic and oxidative breakdown.

The majority of commercially available HA-based dermal fillers use chemical cross-linking to enhance their mechanical characteristics and prolong their shelf life in vivo; nevertheless, more rigid and elastic formulations need a stronger extrusion force for injection in clinical settings. We suggest a thermosensitive dermal filler, injectable as a low viscosity fluid that undergoes in-situ gelation upon injection, to balance longevity and injectability. In order to do this, "green chemistry" was used to combine HA with a linker and a thermosensitive polymer called poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). Water served as the solvent. At normal temperature, HA-L-pNIPAM hydrogels had a relatively low viscosity, but at body temperature, they spontaneously produced a stiffer gel with a submicron structure.