Global Journal of Technology and Optimization

Cytogenetic, the study of chromosomes and their abnormalities, has been revolutionized by techniques like G-banding and molecular cytogenetic. These methodologies are crucial in understanding genetic disorders, identifying novel translocations and uncovering cryptic aberrations in various cell types, including Human Immortal Endothelial Cells (HIECs). This article explores the principles, applications and significance of G-banding and molecular cytogenetic in the context of HIECs. G-banding, a technique developed in the 1970s, involves staining chromosomes to create a characteristic banding pattern. The process begins with cell culture and metaphase arrest, often using colchicine or other mitotic inhibitors. Cells are then harvested and treated with hypotonic solution to swell them, making the chromosomes more accessible. Next, the cells are fixed and dropped onto slides, which are then subjected to trypsin digestion and Giemsa staining. Giemsa stains DNA preferentially, resulting in a banding pattern that highlights variations in chromatin condensation along the chromosome length.

Telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular health. They consist of repetitive nucleotide sequences and associated proteins that prevent chromosomal degradation and maintain genomic integrity during cellular division. Telomere length is a key determinant of cellular lifespan and has implications for aging, disease susceptibility and overall health. Over the past decades, research has increasingly focused on understanding factors that influence telomere length dynamics, including the potential effects of pharmacologically active substances. This essay explores the current understanding of how pharmacologically active substances may affect telomere length and discusses Pharmacotherapeuti considerations related to telomere biology. It synthesizes findings from both experimental studies and clinical trials to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

In this article, a new algorithm for searching Mann-Whitney minimum spanning tree in a critical path network having fermeatean pentagonal fuzzy soft edge length is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on matrix approach to design un-directed fermeatean fuzzy weighted connected graph. Also, we provide numerical example to check the validity of the proposed algorithm using score function and accuracy function.