Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development

With a great pleasure, I would like to express my happiness on the eve of entering into the 7^th year of this Scientific Publishing Field. Initially we started this Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development with the aim to disseminate advanced knowledge all over the globe. Thankfully, with the constant support of Eminent Editorial Board Members, Potential Reviewers and Active Authors we are able to run this journal so successfully till now and we hope it continues in near future also. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development provides the bimonthly publication of articles. In the year of 2019, we have published a very good number of articles, which were recent discoveries. The main focus of this journal is to maintain safe and potent biological system that preserves biodiversityWith a great pleasure, I would like to express my happiness on the eve of entering into the 7^th year of this Scientific Publishing Field. Initially we started this Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development with the aim to disseminate advanced knowledge all over the globe. Thankfully, with the constant support of Eminent Editorial Board Members, Potential Reviewers and Active Authors we are able to run this journal so successfully till now and we hope it continues in near future also. Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development provides the bimonthly publication of articles. In the year of 2019, we have published a very good number of articles, which were recent discoveries. The main focus of this journal is to maintain safe and potent biological system that preserves biodiversity

Abstract:

Human culture and food security depend on the biological system administrations gave by notable examples of biodiversity. We in this manner need to comprehend the variables that figure out where species can and can't live, and the effect of both regular and anthropogenic variety. Such forecasts require a comprehension of the components basic species run cutoff points, and how they are connected to atmosphere. The Southern Ocean offers a ???characteristic research facility??? for testing the developmental and physiological limit of species in light of their condition. Its disengagement has brought about significant levels of endemism and the absence of indigenous people implies that the earth is near perfect. It is a continually chilly sea however with huge occasional variety in light levels, essential profitability and pH. Creatures living in the Southern Ocean have a few physiological adjustments for life vulnerable, including regular radiator fluid, expanded mitochondrial densities and the capacity to develop to an enormous size. Life in the extraordinary virus has additionally brought about a decreased capacity to adapt to warming. As far as possible for limpets and mollusks are just 1 to 2C above current most extreme summer temperatures. Examinations of long haul oceanographic and regenerative informational indexes have demonstrated that perhaps the most grounded signal influencing interannual changeability in generation is El Nio, which causes sensational changes in the seaside framework. Notwithstanding this comprehension, the Western Antarctic Peninsula has been one of the quickest warming locales, bringing about huge changes in the cryosphere. The decrease in the span of winter ocean ice, an expansion in vitality move from the air and the increment in icy mass scour has brought about emotional changes in benthic networks. Discoveries from the Antarctic have shown us much the advancement of physiological limit and the development of marine networks across scopes.

This work is partly presented at  5th World Conference on Climate Change October on 04-06, 2018 held at London, UK

Introduction:

Antarctica energizes the human creative mind, be it the tremendous scope, natural boundaries, monster chunks of ice, marvelous mountain reaches and vistas, or its magnetic untamed life. Simultaneously, it is vital to Earth's atmosphere and maritime dissemination frameworks. While the pioneers of the "chivalrous age" gathered still indispensable examples and information, logical investigation for the most part just started after the Second World War and especially with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957/8. A few sections remain organically unsurveyed. Since the IGY, a few pieces of the landmass, especially the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc, have confronted probably the most fast ecological changes anyplace. This incorporates being one of the most quickly warming locales comprehensively, albeit quite a bit of this warming is underlain by territorial as opposed to worldwide procedures.

Antarctica was vital to the disclosure of the stratospheric ozone gap, a result of anthropogenic air contamination, starting worldwide worry about the conceivably unsafe impacts of bright (UV)– B radiation to natural, including human, frameworks (3). This prompted the quick arrangement and execution of the Montreal Protocol, controlling the outflow of the mindful synthetic concoctions. The ozone opening is proposed to have been one contributing component as of now securing the principle body of the Antarctic mainland from the warming effects of worldwide climatic change (3–6, 7). For whatever length of time that the Montreal Protocol is clung to, the ozone opening is anticipated to fix throughout the following century, with the primary away from of this being accounted for as of late (8–10).

Since around 2000, the solid climatic warming pattern along the Antarctic Peninsula has delayed, despite the fact that it is anticipated to continue (11). Throughout the following century, the whole landmass is relied upon to begin to see climatic changes equivalent to those recorded to date along the Antarctic Peninsula (12, 13). The anticipated "filling" of the ozone opening is probably going to give further positive input to this procedure. Indeed, even with this degree of progress, the inside of the mainland will stay far beneath zero and along these lines organic effects are probably not going to be significant. In beach front locales, summer air temperatures are as of now near freezing, and warming will have far more prominent organic pertinence, prompting expanded soften and sans ice territory particularly around the Antarctic Peninsula (14). All inclusive, regardless of proceeding with increment in air CO2 fixation, there has been an ongoing log jam in the pace of warming. This might be because of a redistribution of warmth inside the environment cryosphere framework (15), with the decrease in air warming nearly comparing in vitality terms to the contemporaneous increments in ice liquefying.

Occasionally ice-secured lakes can be especially delicate to natural change and amplify the warming found in air temperature (16, 17). In the oceanic Antarctic, warming and changes in precipitation have the most significant impacts, with expanded natural creation driven by diminished ice spread and blending in the water section driven by surface introduction to wind. A few lakes contain pointers of changes in other natural factors, for example, expanded saltiness because of drier conditions and more noteworthy vanishing coming about because of an alter in winning breeze course (18). The negative effects of reliably drier conditions are likewise evident in changing examples of greenery plenitude and wellbeing in parts of the mainland Antarctic coastline (19).

DIRECT HUMAN IMPACTS

Generally not many individuals visit Antarctica on a yearly premise—around 5000 national administrator staff and moving toward 50,000 travelers (191, 192). Examination exercises are thought around the exploration stations in the South Shetland Islands and northern Antarctic Peninsula, just as those in Victoria Land. There are no exchanging ports, local human populaces, mechanical turns of events, or exchange courses. The Southern Ocean bolsters significant fisheries that are controlled under the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a Convention of the Antarctic Treaty. Traveler tasks principally utilize littler journey ships and spotlight on a generally modest number of notable areas, for the most part in the South Shetlands and northern Antarctic Peninsula (192, 193). Examination staff and their help work force normally spend longer periods based at a solitary area, while vacationers take an interest in short arrivals over a few areas one after another, investing far less energy in land by and large. National administrators additionally land load at stations and field locales and bolster remote activities over the whole landmass (61, 191). The "venturing stone" nature of numerous strategic and visit vessel courses, visiting progressive areas inside or between Antarctic locales, fuels the danger of intra-and interregional move of both local and non-local life forms (192, 193).

Direct human effects give an unmistakable arrangement of dangers well beyond those related with environmental change. Ashore, human movement centers around the extremely little land region that is without ice, dominatingly close to the coast where most exploration stations and guest locales are found. These are similar zones in which earthly biological systems are best evolved and that have marine vertebrate reproducing and shedding fixations. Consequently, there is rivalry for access to and utilization of the extremely constrained asset of without ice land, with the outcome that it has as of late been archived that an abnormally huge extent is as of now influenced by human movement (194, 195).

The proceeding with effects of authentic marine abuse and other mechanical exercises are felt in parts of the Antarctic, especially the sub-Antarctic islands and the northern oceanic Antarctic (196, 197). Ashore, these essentially incorporate the remaining parts of coastal whaling stations, some of which were major mechanical locales (198). A few, for example, Grytviken (South Georgia) and Whaler's Bay (Deception Island), have been balanced out and at any rate in part tidied up and are presently chronicled landmarks, while others incorporate progressively scattered flotsam and jetsam and different kinds of contamination. These recorded businesses nearly cleared out hide seals in the late eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years, trailed by the extraordinary whales in the twentieth century. These significant marine biological system disturbances leave us incapable to recreate its unique state, and the Southern Ocean environment is as yet recouping from them. Before CCAMLR, there was practically uncontrolled overexploitation of a scope of finfish animal varieties in different Southern Ocean districts, again with restricted proof of resulting recuperation [e.g., (199)]. The present dynamic modern angling industry doesn't utilize land-based help offices, despite the fact that (alongside national administrator and the travel industry delivering activities) there is as yet the potential for both earthly and marine effects coming about because of mishaps, wrecks, and related contamination (191, 200).

CONCLUSIONS

One of the establishing Antarctic Treaty standards, reaffirmed in the "Santiago Declaration" of 2016 (264, 265), is to guarantee the safeguarding and insurance of the Antarctic condition. Antarctica faces twin difficulties from the different results got from worldwide natural change and increasingly neighborhood scale direct effects of human movement, and both need consideration if this establishing standard is to be accomplished. Environmental change is nevertheless one of the dangers confronting Antarctica in the following century and past, and a portion of the immediate outcomes of human movement, especially those of authentic marine abuse, land use change, and organic attacks, are, actually, liable to (proceed to) have far more prominent prompt effects on Antarctic biological systems than environmental change in essence.

This work is partly presented at  5th World Conference on Climate Change October on 04-06, 2018 held at London, UK

Reference

1. Ashton G V, Morley S A, Barnes D K A, Clark M S and Peck L S (2017) Warming by 1°C drives species and assemblage level responses in Antarctica’s marine shallows. Current Biology 27(17):2698–2705.

 2. Watson S A, Morley S A and Peck L S (2017) Latitudinal trends in shell production cost from the tropics to the poles Science Advances 3(9):e1701362.

 3. Morley S A, Nguyen K D, Peck L S, Lai C-H and Tan K S (2017) Can acclimation of thermal tolerance, in adults and across generations, act as a buffer against climate change in tropical marine ectotherms? J Therm. Biol. 68:195–199.

 4. Morley S A, Suckling C S, Clark M S, Cross E L and Peck L S (2016) Long term effects of altered pH and temperature on the feeding energetics of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Biodiversity 17:34–45.

 5. Morley S A Chien-Hsian L, Clarke A, Tan K S, Thorne M A S and Peck L S (2014) Limpet feeding rate and the consistency of physiological response to temperature. J Comp Physiol. 184:563–570.

ABSTRACT

In the current examination, we have researched the adsorption, by initiated carbon arranged from olive stones, of two toxins, Bisphenol An, a substance causes an interruption of endocrine frameworks and omnipresence in the oceanic condition, and diuron, a pesticide recognized in groundwater and may arrive at more elevated levels than wellbeing based gauges. The olive stones were artificially enacted and afterward pyrolysed (warm treatment under nitrogen). Then again, to upgrade the arrangement technique, the impact of the principle procedure boundaries, (for example, initiating operator utilized, impregnation proportion, temperature of pyrolysis step) on the exhibitions of the acquired actuated carbons (communicated regarding adsorption limit of BPA and diuron and explicit surface region) was examined. The physicochemical properties of the actuated carbon arranged were described by N2 adsorption/desorption, FTIR, SEM, X-Ray diffraction, CHNS and TGA/DTA. To improve the adsorption boundaries of the enacted carbon, primer examinations were accomplished, for example, the impacts of arrangement introductory pH and temperature, impact of beginning centralization of the poisons. Promising exhibitions were called attention to as 70% of diuron and 92% of BPA can be expelled from watery answer for an underlying fixation individually 35 mg/L and 20 mg/L, when the typical centralizations of BPA in natural waters are in the scope of 10 ng/L to 400 ?g/L and diuron is around 1 to 600 ng/L. This creative procedure depends on valorization of horticultural waste biomass, of which billions of kilograms are delivered every year, to minimal effort however productive adsorbent that can add to natural remediation.

This Work is presenting at 9th World Congress on Green Chemistry and Technology on September 17-19, 2018 at Amsterdam, Netherlands

Introduction

Natural contamination is the term utilized when huge amounts of natural mixes. It starts from household sewage, urban run-off, mechanical effluents and horticulture wastewater. sewage treatment plants and industry including food preparing, mash and paper making, agribusiness and aquaculture. During the deterioration procedure of natural poisons the broke down oxygen in the accepting water might be expended at a more prominent rate than it tends to be recharged, causing oxygen exhaustion and having serious ramifications for the stream biota. Wastewater with natural toxins contains enormous amounts of suspended solids which diminish the light accessible to photosynthetic creatures and, on settling out, change the qualities of the stream bed, rendering it an unacceptable living space for some spineless creatures. Natural toxins incorporate pesticides, composts, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, cleansers, oils, oils, pharmaceuticals, proteins and starches [1-3].

Harmful natural contaminations cause a few ecological issues to our condition. The most widely recognized natural contaminations named tireless natural poisons (POPs). POPs are mixes of extraordinary worry due to their toxicity,persistence, long-go transport capacity [4] and bioaccumulation in creatures [5], travel significant distances and continue living beings. POPs are carbon-based synthetic mixes and blends (twelve poisons) that incorporate mechanical synthetic compounds, for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, for example, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dibenzo-p (dioxins) and dibenzo-p (furans) [6]. PCDD/Fs are discharged to the earth as side-effects of a few procedures, similar to squander cremation or metal creation [7]. A considerable lot of these mixes have been or keep on being utilized in huge amounts and because of their ecological ingenuity, can bioaccumulate and biomagnify

Effective methods for the evacuation of exceptionally poisonous natural mixes from water have drawn huge intrigue. Various techniques, for example, coagulation, filtration with coagulation, precipitation, ozonation, adsorption, particle trade, invert assimilation and propelled oxidation forms have been utilized for the expulsion of natural contaminations from dirtied water and wastewater. These strategies have been seen as restricted, since they regularly include high capital and operational expenses. Then again particle trade and opposite assimilation are increasingly alluring procedures on the grounds that the toxin esteems can be recuperated alongside their expulsion from the effluents. Invert assimilation, particle trade and propelled oxidation forms don't appear to be financially doable on account of their moderately high venture and operational expense.

Among the potential procedures for water medicines, the adsorption procedure by strong adsorbents shows potential as one of the most proficient strategies for the treatment and evacuation of natural contaminants in wastewater treatment. Adsorption has points of interest over different techniques in light of straightforward plan and can include low interest in term of both beginning expense and land required. The adsorption procedure is broadly utilized for treatment of modern wastewater from natural and inorganic contaminations and meet the incredible consideration from the scientists. Lately, the quest for minimal effort adsorbents that have poison – restricting limits has increased. Materials locally accessible, for example, characteristic materials, rural squanders and mechanical squanders can be used as minimal effort adsorbents. Actuated carbon created from these materials can be utilized as adsorbent for water and wastewater treatment

Adsorption phenomenon

Adsorption is a surface wonder with basic instrument for natural and inorganic toxins evacuation. At the point when an answer containing absorbable solute comes into contact with a strong with a profoundly permeable surface structure, fluid strong intermolecular powers of fascination cause a portion of the solute atoms from the answer for be aggregated or saved at the strong surface. The solute held (on the strong surface) in adsorption forms is called adsorbate, though, the strong on which it is held is called as an adsorbent. This surface amassing of adsorbate on adsorbent is called adsorption. This making of an adsorbed stage having a creation unique in relation to that of the mass liquid stage frames the premise of partition by adsorption innovation.

In a mass material, all the holding necessities (be they ionic, covalent, or metallic) of the constituent molecules of the material are filled by different particles in the material. Notwithstanding, iotas on the outside of the adsorbent are not completely encircled by other adsorbent particles and subsequently can draw in adsorbates. The specific idea of the holding relies upon the subtleties of the species in question, however the adsorption procedure is commonly named physicsorption (normal for frail Van Der Waals powers) or chemisorption (normal for covalent holding). It might likewise happen because of electrostatic fascination.

 Types of adsorbents

Different types of adsorbents are classified into natural adsorbents and synthetic adsorbents. Natural adsorbents include charcoal, clays, clay minerals, zeolites, and ores. These natural materials, in many instances are relatively cheap, abundant in supply and have significant potential for modification and ultimately enhancement of their adsorption capabilities. Synthetic adsorbents are adsorbents prepared from Agricultural products and wastes, house hold wastes, Industrial wastes, sewage sludge and polymeric adsorbents. Each adsorbent has its own characteristics such as porosity, pore structure and nature of its adsorbing surfaces. Many waste materials used include fruit wastes, coconut shell, scrap tyres, bark and other tannin-rich materials, sawdust, rice husk, petroleum wastes, fertilizer wastes, fly ash, sugar industry wastes blast furnace slag, chitosan and seafood processing wastes, seaweed and algae, peat moss, clays, red mud, zeolites, sediment and soil, ore minerals etc.

Activated carbons as adsorbent for organic pollutants consists in their adsorption a complex process and there still exists considerable difficulty. The main cause of this difficulty results from the large number of variables involved. These include, for example, electrostatic, dispersive and chemical interactions, intrinsic properties of the solute (for example solubility and ionization constant), intrinsic properties of the adsorbent (such pore size distribution), solution properties (in particular, pH) and the temperature of the system

Conclusion

Natural poisons in the biological system, particularly persevering natural contaminations (POPs),are of the most significant ecological issues on the planet. The writing checked on uncovered that there has been a high increment underway and use of natural poisons in most recent couple of decades bringing about a major danger of contamination. Effective procedures for the expulsion of profoundly harmful natural mixes from water and wastewater have drawn huge intrigue. Adsorption is perceived as a successful and minimal effort procedure for the expulsion of natural toxins from water and wastewater, and produce great rewarded emanating. This section featured the expulsion of natural contaminations utilizing adsorption method with various types of normal and manufactured adsorbents.

Numerous explores have given extensive consideration planned for building up to the evacuation proficiency of natural toxins by adsorption procedure. To diminish treatment costs, endeavors have been made to discover economical option enacted carbon (AC), from squander materials of modern, local and farming exercises. Additionally, dirts and characteristic earth minerals, because of their high surface territory and sub-atomic strainer structure, are powerful adsorbents for natural contaminants. The part center, surveys and assesses writing committed on the adsorption marvel, various kinds of regular and manufactured adsorbents, adsorption of colors, phenols, pesticides and other natural poisons. At last it finished with late explores of natural contaminations adsorption on actuated carbons, dirts and earth minerals.

Abstract

This examination contemplates the impact of water on the AC 80-100 black-top. The bitumen was assessed under the activity of water and its rheology was evaluated through tests with the dynamic shear rheometer. Physical execution was assessed by customary observational tests that included infiltration, relaxing point, pliability and consistency. The concoction tests were assessed on fluid chromatography (fractionation SARA) and infrared spectroscopy. The outcomes demonstrated that water affects the physical, visco-versatile and synthetic properties of black-top. Rheological properties demonstrated a sinusoidal estimation of |G*| additionally changes the black-top ? edge presented to water. Synthetic properties demonstrated significant changes in the actuation vitality of black-top and thus rose some practical gatherings that are proof of black-top maturing, for example, sulfoxides and carboxiles. Late Publications 1. Figueroa Infante A S and Reyes Lizcano F A (2015) Moisture harm investigation for a black-top blend through the fog test and the IPAS 2D(r) programming. Infraestructura Vial; 17(30): 31-39. 2. Infante A S F and Santanilla E F (2015) Estudio de material reciclado para reparar fisuras y su aplicaci n en un pavimento en Bogot. Epsilon; (24): 89-121.

This Work is presenting at 5th World Congress on Green Chemistry and Green Engineering on July 19-20, 2018 Melbourne, Australia

Introduction:

Black-top asphalt, for its superb driving exhibition and low commotion focal points, is broadly applied on the planet. During the administration period of black-top asphalt, dampness from the indigenous habitat can diffuse into the black-top fastener, which brings about the lessening of the asphalt execution of the black-top blend . Late investigations recommend that the communication between water oxygen particles and black-top can cause oxidation and maturing of black-top and increment its firmness and thickness. Additionally the water may break down piece of the parts of black-top, which mellow the black-top, diminishes the grip between the black-top fastener and total, and decreases the attachment ability inside the black-top folio. Therefore, the mechanical properties of black-top cement and the folio are debased  Dampness harm is viewed as one of the most significant variables influencing black-top blend solidness. Water is firmly identified with the dampness harm of black-top asphalt during its administration stage, and the diverse watery solute structures of water, for example, in regions of corrosive downpour, seaboards, or saline and soluble land, may cause distinctive dampness harm consequences for a black-top fastener . In salty and muggy conditions, the quality of black-top blend crumbles effectively as a result of dampness harm from water invasion and salt concoction erosion. Following inundation in corrosive downpour arrangements, the asphalt execution of the black-top blends diminished with the abatement in the arrangement pH esteem . In a corrosive downpour region, where precipitation with pH < 3 happens , and in saline and antacid land territories where the pH estimation of soil might be over pH10 [20], the asphalt is exposed to around 10% sodium chloride consumption harm under snow dissolving . The decrease in the properties of the black-top blend has been identified with part changes under the impact of fluid solute in the water arrangement. A significant thought for understanding the black-top dampness harm process in various water arrangements is that the synthetic sythesis and rheological properties of black-top may not be equivalent to at the black-top water surface where ecological components have the best effect. Along these lines, understanding the procedure of dampness harm in black-top under ecological introduction, particularly the job and impact of the watery solute segment in this procedure, is essential to the exploration and counteraction of dampness harm to black-top asphalt.

2. Materials and Experimental Methods

The 70# black-top and SBS adjusted black-top were acquired from Hubei Guochuang Hi-tech Material Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China. Their fundamental properties are shown in Table 1. The malleability test temperatures of 70# black-top and SBS changed black-top were 10 °C and 5 °C, separately.

Table 1

Basic properties of 70^# asphalt and SBS modified asphalt.

 Preparation of Solutions

In various locales, the watery solute piece of water arrangements are distinctive in nature. For instance, the pH estimation of precipitation might associate with 3 in corrosive downpour zones, the asphalt is exposed to around 10% sodium chloride consumption harm under snow dissolving, or the pH estimation of the arrangement might be over pH10 in saline and basic land. Along these lines, pH3 corrosive arrangement, 10% NaCl salt arrangement and pH11 soluble base arrangement were chosen in this paper. The readiness techniques for these are portrayed underneath.

Counterfeit corrosive arrangement was set up to recreate the normal fixings in corrosive downpour, for example, the SO42− and NO3− anions. It was set up with superb unadulterated sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive by the sequential weakening technique [22], the molar proportion of sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive was 9:1, the pH esteem was 3. Basic arrangement was set up with sodium hydroxide, and the pH esteem was 11. The water solute drenching trial of black-top fasteners were directed at 25 °C and ordinary weight, the pH of the arrangement was estimated with an exact pH test paper. Sodium chloride was weakened with refined water, the convergence of which was 10%.

 Water Solute Immersing Tests

Initial, a roundabout glass dish, with a breadth of 100 mm and tallness of 18 mm, was washed with deionized (DI) water. The chose 6 g of each black-top fastener was poured onto the glass dish and put into a stove at a steady temperature of 120 °C for 10 min to shape a smooth black-top film; the thickness of black-top film was about 0.76 mm. From that point forward, the examples were taken out and cooled to room temperature.

At that point, 40 mL of the arrangements were filled the dish and inundated the black-top movies, the glass dish was topped. The temperature of the drenching water solute was 25 °C, the test times for 70# black-top were assigned as 7 days and 14 days, and 14 days and 28 days for the SBS altered black-top. During the water solute inundation test, the arrangements were supplanted each week in light of the fact that the carboxylic corrosive of black-top can be broken down and lessen the pH estimation of the arrangement [23]. After the water solute drenching test, so as to ensure the water was completely vanished from the outside of the black-top examples, all the black-top examples were placed into a stove at a steady temperature of 150 °C for 30 min. In this way, the black-top examples were isolated from the glass dish with a spatula.

Characterization Methods

Test Program Plan

The test program plan is appeared in Figure 1. At the initial, two sorts of black-top (70# black-top and SBS altered black-top) were set up to be inundated in various water arrangements (refined water, corrosive arrangement, antacid arrangement and sodium chloride arrangement). Also, the TLC-FID tests, FTIR tests and DSR tests were utilized to portray the impact of inundation in water solute on the concoction development and rheological properties of black-top. To build the precision, multiple times imitate tests were done. In conclusion, the system of black-top during dampness harm was summed up.

Extended Abstract Pages: 1 - 5

Pollution Control -2020:Identifying, developing, and moving sustainable communities through Application of Bioenergy for Energy or Materials: Future Perspective through Energy Efficiency-Abdeen Mustafa Omer-UK

Abdeen Mustafa Omer

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Abstract

 

The demand for energy continued to outstrip supply and necessitated the development of biomass option. Residues were the most popular forms of renewable energy and currently biofuel production became much promising. Agricultural wastes contained high moisture content and could be decomposed easily by microbes. Agricultural wastes were abundantly available globally and could be converted to energy and useful chemicals by a number of microorganisms. Compost or bio-fertiliser could be produced with the inoculation of appropriated thermophilic microbes which increased the decomposition rate, shortened the maturity period and improved the compost (or bio-fertiliser) quality. The objective of the present research was to promote the biomass technology and involved adaptive research, demonstration and dissemination of results. With a view to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. In the present communication, an attempt had also been made to present an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. We may conclude from the review paper that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, not only in urban areas but also in remote rural areas.

 

Keywords: Biomass resources, agricultural wastes, energy, environment, sustainable development

 

This Work is presenting at 8th Global Summit and Expo on Pollution Control On August 24-25, 2020 Webinar

 

1. Introduction

 

The present review article makes an attempt to comprehensively review various aspects of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions globally. An attempt has been made to review the current literature regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass technology. The environmental problems are increasing. Nevertheless, some residues have negative effects and should be treated to preserve a durable environment. Hence, sensibility and legislative text to organise the treatments of industry activities waste should be more reinforced.

At the beginning of the century, the humanity will have to take up an important challenge to establish a sustainable environment and consequently the well being of actual and coming generation. The management of the industrial activities residues is classified urgently in the list of challenge. Since the agro-alimentary industries is growing fast with increased food production in order to realise the food security for growing population. Technological innovations are the support to obtain a final product that can be recycled and used with a minimum of risking.

This study highlights the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved through the use of biomass sources energy. Also, this study clarifies the background of the study, highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of biomass energy source and describes the objectives, approach and scope of the theme. The purpose of this study, however, is to contribute to the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, industry, and agriculture and identify biomass as an environmental friendly
technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using biomass technology applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling. Recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings has emphasised the utilisation of the bio-energy from agricultural residues, industry wastes, forestry and other renewable energy sources.

There is strong scientific evidence that the average temperature of the earth surface is rising. This was a result of the increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) atmosphere as emitted by fossil fuels burning (Robinson, 2007; Omer, 2008). The global warming will eventually lead to substantial changes in the world climate, which will, in turn, have a major impact on human life and the environment. Energy use can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. This will lead to fossil fuels emission reduction. This study was a step towards achieving this goal. The adoption of green or sustainable approaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategy in finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing and controlling CO₂, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the use of alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how these alternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energy sources. Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, from energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest plantation cover, the nation resource base would be greatly improved. The non-technical issues, which have recently gained attention, include: (1) Environmental and ecological factors (e.g., carbon sequestration, reforestation and revegetation). (2) Renewables as a CO₂ neutral replacement for fossil fuels. (3) Greater recognition of the importance of renewable energy, particularly modern biomass energy carriers, at the policy and planning levels. (4) Greater recognition of the difficulties of gathering good and reliable biomass energy data, and efforts to improve it. (5) Studies on the detrimental health efforts of biomass energy particularly from traditional energy users. There is a need for some further development to suit local conditions, to minimise spares holdings, to maximise interchangeability both of engine parts and of the engine application. Emphasis should be placed on full local manufacture (Abdeen, 2008a).

Energy is an essential factor in development since it stimulates, and supports economic growth and development. Fossil fuels, especially oil and natural gas, are finite in extent, and should be regarded as depleting assets. The efforts are oriented to new energy sources. The clamour all over the world for the need to conserve energy and the environment has intensified as traditional energy resources continue to diminish whilst the environment becomes increasingly degraded. Alternative energy sources can potentially help to fulfill the acute energy demand and sustain economic growth in many regions of the world. Bioenergy is beginning to gain importance in the global climate change fight. The scope for exploiting organic wastes as a source of energy is not limited to direct incineration or refuse-derived fuels burning. Biogas, biofuels and woody biomass are other forms of energy sources that can be derived from organic waste materials. These biomass energy sources have significant potential in the fight against climate change (Abdeen, 2008b).

Conservation of energy and rationing in some form will however have to be practised by most countries, to reduce oil imports and redress balance of payments positions. Meanwhile, the development and the application of nuclear power and some of the traditional solar, wind, biomass and water energy alternatives must be set in hand to supplement what remains of the fossil fuels. The encouragement of greater energy use is an essential development component. In the short-term it requires mechanisms to enable the rapid increase in energy/capita, and in the long term we should be working towards a way of life based on energy efficiency and without the impairment of the environment or of causing safety problems. Such a programme should as far as possible be based on renewable energy resources (Abdeen, 2008c).

Large-scale, conventional, power plant such as hydropower has an important part to play in development. It does not, however, provide a complete solution. There is an important complementary role for the greater use of small scale, rural based-power plants. Such plant can be used to assist development since it can be made locally using local resources, enabling a rapid build-up in total equipment to be made without a corresponding and unacceptably large demand on central funds. Renewable resources are particularly suitable for providing the energy for such equipment and its use is also compatible with the long-term aims.

 

2. Methods, Materials and Approach

 

With a view to fulfill the objective, a massive field survey was conducted to assess the availability of raw materials as well as the present situation of biomass technologies. The data were analysed. Agricultural residues recycling helps to reduce the intensity of use of natural resources, decreases the need for waste disposal, decreases the specific energy consumption in manufacturing and also provides reasonable levels of profits for those in the business.

This article highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of biomass energy source. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions.

In compiling energy consumption data it could be possible to categorise usage according to a number of different schemes:

• Traditionalsector- industrial, transportation, etc.
• End-use- space heating, process steam, etc.
• Final demand- total energy consumption related to automobiles, to food, etc.
• Energy source- oil, coal, etc.
• Energy form at point of use- electric drive, low temperature heat, etc.

 

The aim of any modern biomass energy systems must be:

• To maximise yields with minimum inputs.
• Utilisation and selection of adequate plant materials and processes.
• Optimum use of land, water, and fertiliser.
• Create an adequate infrastructure and strong research and development (R&D) base.

 

3. Bioenergy Development

 

Bioenergy is energy from the sun stored in materials of biological origin. This includes plant matter and animal waste, known as biomass. Plants store solar energy through photosynthesis in cellulose and lignin, whereas animals store energy as fats. When burned, the above mentioned materials break down and release energy exothermal energy, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂), heat and steam. The by-products of this reaction can be captured and manipulated to create power, commonly called bioenergy. Biomass is considered renewable because the carbon (C) is taken out of the atmosphere and replenished more quickly than the millions of years required for fossil fuels creation. The use of biofuels to replace fossil fuels contributes to a reduction in the overall release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence helps to tackle the global warming (Abdeen, 2008d).

8. Conclusion

 

The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. The biomass energy, one of the important options, which might gradually replace the oil in facing the increased demand for oil and may be an advanced period in this century. Any county can depend on the biomass energy to satisfy part of local consumption. Development of biogas technology is a vital component of alternative rural energy programme, whose potential is yet to be exploited. A concerted effect is required by all if this is to be realised. The technology will find ready use in domestic, farming, and small-scale industrial applications. Support biomass research and exchange experiences with countries that are advanced in this field. In the meantime, the biomass energy can help to save exhausting the oil wealth. The diminishing agricultural land may hamper biogas energy development but appropriate technological and resource management techniques will offset the effects.

Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations, as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, improved energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest – plantation cover, the nation’s resource base would be greatly improved. The international community would benefit from pollution reduction, climate mitigation, and the increased trading opportunities that arise from new income sources. Furthermore, investigating the potential is needed to make use of more and more of its waste. Household waste, vegetable market waste, and waste from the cotton stalks, leather, and pulp; and paper industries can be used to produce useful energy either by direct incineration, gasification, digestion (biogas production), fermentation, or cogeneration. Therefore, effort has to be made to reduce fossil energy use and to promote green energies, particularly in the building sector. Energy use reductions can be achieved by minimising the energy demand, by rational energy use, by recovering heat and the use of more green energies. This study was a step towards achieving that goal. The adoption of green or sustainable approaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategy in finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing and controlling CO₂, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the use of alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how these alternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energy sources. Even with modest assumptions about the availability of land, comprehensive fuel-wood farming programmes offer significant energy, economic and environmental benefits. These benefits would be dispersed in rural areas where they are greatly needed and can serve as linkages for further rural economic development. The nations as a whole would benefit from savings in foreign exchange, improved energy security, and socio-economic improvements. With a nine-fold increase in forest – plantation cover, a nation’s resource base would be greatly improved. The international community would benefit from pollution reduction, climate mitigation, and the increased trading opportunities that arise from new income sources.

References

Abdeen, M. O. (2008a). Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(6), 1562-1587.

Abdeen, M. O. (2008b). People, power and pollution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(7), 1864-1889.

Abdeen, M. O. (2008c). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2265-2300.

Abdeen, M. O. (2008d). Focus on low carbon technologies: The positive solution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2331-2357.

Omer, A. M. (2008).Green energies and environment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 1789-1821.

Robinson, G. (2007). Changes in construction waste management. Waste Management World, 43-49. May-June 2007.