International Journal of Public Health and Safety

Introduction: CBEP is an important part of public health awareness and cost effective strategy to promote the health especially for non- communicable diseases like prostate cancer in males. The function of Prostate gland is to produce fluid for semen, which helps in nourishment and transportation of sperm cells. Over time, some prostate cells become cancerous which leads to prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly observed cancer types in old age. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. Incidence of Prostate Cancer in India is 19,095 and Mortality is 12,231 according to Globacon, 2012.

Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was used. There were 63 males selected using total enumerative sampling technique. Research tool (Structured knowledge questionnaire) was developed and submitted to 9 experts from various specialists for validity. Reliability was calculated by Kuder Richardson (KR20) method and it was 0.71 to assess knowledge of males regarding prostate cancer. Data collection was done in January 2017. The obtained data was analyzed and interpreted in terms of objectives and research hypotheses. Analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Majority of males (96%) were educated till primary level, and majority of (76%) were married. Majority (78%) of males had habit of smoking. The mean post-test knowledge scores with standard deviation of males (19.04 ± 4.3, was significantly higher than mean pre-test knowledge (10.76 ± 4.5). Weak positive significant corelation (r=0.60) was found between post-test knowledge scores of males regarding prostate cancer. A significant association was found between level of post-test knowledge with educational status.

Conclusion: Community based education program was an effective strategy to enhance the knowledge of males regarding prostate cancer.

Antimicrobial resistance is the main reason for spreading various diseases in community. There are different mechanisms for drug resistance. One of antimicrobial resistance is antibiotic resistance bacteria. Some bacteria have resistance to antibiotic represent a big problem in treatment process, hence development of numerous diseases. In this review, we summarize simple definition to bacteria resistance, mechanism action, and how we can avoid spread diseases. We also briefly mention the new trend for treatment antibiotic resistance bacteria.

Background: In November 2014, during the West Africa Ebola epidemic, a driver contracted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Sierra Leone developed Ebola virus disease, potentially exposing other Ebola-response staff and possibly jeopardizing outbreak response efforts.

Methods: In addition to an epidemiologic investigation with contact tracing and monitoring to limit possible Ebola virus transmission, the investigation team reviewed policies and procedures that may have contributed to the incident.

Results: The incident, investigation, and response activities occurred in Bombali, Tonkolili and Western Districts of Sierra Leone during a period of wide-spread community transmission of Ebola virus in all three districts. The driver did not immediately report his illness to relevant public health authorities, his employer, or CDC leading to a prolonged period of exposure for CDC staff and other Ebola responders. Review of policies and procedures identified a number of barriers for reporting illness during the response. To address these issues CDC Sierra Leone adopted a one team approach to ensure that all team members, regardless of employer or contracting mechanisms, were prepared to promote team safety while in the field. We also implemented new training for drivers on Ebola virus transmission and prevention measures, promoted hand hygiene in vehicles, ensured drivers stayed in accommodations approved for CDC staff and worked with vehicle companies to reduce disincentives for illness reporting.

Conclusions: The CDC Sierra Leone field teams were comprised of team members from a variety of cultural backgrounds and hired through different employment mechanisms. Not all employers promote a safe environment for illness reporting and there may be disincentives for reporting illness. A one team approach to staff safety should address these barriers.

Introduction: The principle of food hygiene implies that there should be minimal handling of food items. Food handlers are thus expected to observe proper hygiene and sanitation methods as the chances of food contamination largely depend on their health status and hygiene practices.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate hygienic practices of food handlers in restaurants of Alnohod locality market-2017.

Research methodology: This was community based cross sectional study which covered 34 restaurants and 40 food handlers (cookers) with 100% response rate. The data were collected in October 2016, by using standardized administrated questionnaire composed of 36 close-ended questions. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.

Results: The level of cooking hygienic practices among 40 food handlers, 33.21% of them were good, 47.57% poor and 27.71% bad) was reported. However, regarding personal hygiene practices, neither training in personal hygiene among the study workers has been noticed nor usage of hand gloves. Statistically significant differences were observed by gender, education with personal hygiene practices in terms of; having protective personal clothing (P-value=0.000), having medical fitness card (P-value=0.000) and tobacco consumption (P-value=0.026).

Conclusion: The study identified that the cooking and personal hygienic practices were poor among food handlers. Basic training in personal, cooking and food hygiene is needed for food handlers. This is to ensure that they follow the required rules for proper hygiene and sanitation.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is the third leading causes of death among adults in sub-Saharan Africa after Human Immunodeficiency virus and malaria. Ethiopia is one of the 22 high burden countries and the country is rated 7th among the 22 burden countries.

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to identify determinants of tuberculosis among adults in Jabi tehnan district.

Method: Unmatched case control study was conducted among 100 cases and 300 controls to identify determinants of tuberculosis among adults. Simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Data were collected from the study population using structured questionnaire through observation and face to face interview. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the association between outcome and independent factors.

Results: A total of 400 study subjects were participated in this study. Independent determinants which were significantly associated with TB were family size (AOR=3.605, 95% CI 1.717-7.570), composition of house floor (AOR=4.430 95% CI 1.739-11.286), family history of TB (AOR=5.374 95% CI 2.145-13.468), ever drunk alcohol (AOR=3.799 95% CI 1.237-11.666), ever drunk raw milk (AOR=7.275 95% CI 3.267-16.202), out of family contact history with TB patients (AOR=5.103 95% CI 1.024-25.418), living in poor lighting (AOR= 4.532 95% CI 1.823- 11.267) and ventilation (AOR=3.736 95% CI 1.462-9.548) house.

Conclusion and Recommendations: In this study, the most important determinants to develop TB were identified such as family size, house floor, and family history of TB, ever drunk alcohol, ever drunk raw milk, ventilation and lighting status of house. Providing health education for new TB patients how to protect their family and community, on life style risk factors, regarding housing condition, importance of ventilation and lighting for the community is important to prevent and reduce TB disease in the community.

Introduction: RTAs are among the leading causes of death and injury worldwide, causing an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries each year (World Health Organization (WHO), 2004). Ethiopia has the highest rate of RTAs, owing to the fact that road transport is the major transportation system in the country. However; it is often possible to minimize injury and crash consequences by providing better information about specific factors associated with RTA. Like other hospitals of Ethiopia, AMH is faced with the problem of traumatized patients.

Objective: To assess the magnitude and factors associated with road traffic accident related trauma among traumatized patients in Arba Minch Hospital, 2017.

Method: Institutional based cross sectional study was carried out among trauma victims presenting to Arba Minch hospital from May 10 to June 10. Totally 238 trauma victims were interviewed. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables.

Results: A total of 238 trauma victims were included in the study. Of all interviewed trauma victims, 162(68.1%) were male and 76(31.9%) were female. The mean age of the victims was 25.5. The highest numbers of victims (33.6%) were aged between 20-29 years and followed by age 10-19 years (21.8%). The victim’ sex, age, occupation were significantly associated with RTA in a bivariate analysis.

Conclusion and Recommendations: The magnitude of trauma caused by road traffic accident was the highest cause of trauma (47%). Road traffic accident victims were predominantly males and people aged 20-49 years. The majority of them are from urban areas. Of all road traffic accidents, motor vehicle crash was the primary causes of injury. Passengers and pedestrians were the most commonly affected victims. We recommend Arba Minch transport authority to give more attention for those motor cycle drivers as most of the trauma were due to motorcycle.

Introduction and Aims: The relationship between interpersonal violence and weather has been described in international studies. This study compared the daily incidence of interpersonal maxillofacial trauma in Brisbane over a 1 year period with respect to local weather conditions and temporal factors, such as weekends and public holidays.

Design and Methods: The cases included in the study were Brisbane residents with maxillofacial trauma who presented to the maxillofacial surgery clinic at the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital after being assaulted. The daily maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and solar exposure were recorded at the Brisbane weather station, and this data was used in Poisson regression analyses with respect to trauma data, weekends, and public holidays.

Results: 389 assaults resulting in maxillofacial trauma were identified over the 12-month period, with 89.7% of the patients being male. The number of assault cases was found to be associated with weekends and public holidays (p<0.001 and <0.05 respectively). With regards to weather conditions, there was a significant positive association between assault cases and rain, and also with daily solar exposure (p<0.05).

Discussion and Conclusions: The significant associations between assault and weather and temporal factors in Brisbane are consistent with international behavioural theories on crime and violence. These findings are relevant to the Australian Police Force and hospital emergency departments with regards to the efficient use of resources in response to interpersonal violence.