Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research

Background: HIV Stigma impeded the screening, treatment and compliance of HIV/AIDS management. Therefore, the data on the burden of HIV stigma is vital. This study aims to examine the cross-cultural translation adaption of the Malay version of HIV Stigma Questionnaires and also examine its validity and reliability.

Literature Review: The standard English version of the HIV Stigma Questionnaire by The Global Stigma and Discrimination Indicator Working Group (GSDIWG) and STRIVE research consortium was undergone a Malay translation via forward-backward methods. Content validity by the expert committees and reliability by preliminary pilot testing was done.

Results: The content validity was approved by the expert committees with acceptable reliability during the preliminary survey analysis. Internal consistency was acceptable with Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.76.

Conclusion: The validation of the Malay version of HIV Stigma questionnaire reveals an excellent cross-cultural adaption, content validation and reliability. This Malay version is open for potential Malaysia’s HIV Stigma studies in the future in parallel with our national strategic planning on HIV to end HIV by 2030.

We present a retrospective analysis of trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) small molecule drug development over the last thirty-five years based on data captured by ChemDB, a United States (US) National Institutes of Health (NIH) database of chemical and biological HIV testing data. These data are analyzed alongside NIH funding levels, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals, and new target identifications to explore the influences of these factors on anti-HIV drug discovery research. The NIH’s ChemDB database collects chemical and biological testing data describing published and patented pre-clinical compounds in development as potential HIV therapeutics. These data were used as a proxy for estimating overall levels of HIV therapeutics research activities in order to assess research trends. Data extracted from ChemDB were compared with records of drug approvals from the FDA, NIH funding levels, and drug target discoveries to elucidate the influences that these factors have on levels of HIV therapeutics research activities. Despite the increasingly wide suite of HIV therapeutic options that have accumulated during decades of research, interest in HIV therapeutics research activities remains strong. While decreases in research activity levels have followed cuts in research funding, FDA-approved HIV therapeutics have continued to accumulate. The comparisons presented here indicate that HIV drug research activity levels have historically been more responsive to changes in funding levels and the identification of new drug targets, than they have been to drug approvals. Continued interest in HIV therapeutics research may reflect that fact that of the 54 drugs approved for HIV treatment as of 2018, only six inhibitory targets are represented. Moreover, drug resistance presents substantial clinical challenges. Sustained research interest despite drug approvals and fluctuations in available funding likely reflects the clinical need for safer, more palatable and more efficacious therapeutics; robust attention to both novel therapeutics and inhibitory targets is necessary given the speed of development of drug-resistant HIV strains. Only with such continued interest will we reduce the burden of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease and control the AIDS epidemic.

Objective: There is increasing literature on the association of HIV disease with hearing loss in adults, although only very limited research regarding communication, specifically in a background noise condition. The purpose of this study was to first, evaluate computer-assisted speech perception assessment (CASPA) data among adults living with HIV (ALHIV) and adults living without HIV (ALwoHIV). And second, to examine the association of HIV disease variables and HIV treatment with CASPA measures among ALHIV.

Methods: A sample of 101 ALHIV (n=57) and ALwoHIV (n=44) participants from the Baltimore-Washington DC site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Washington DC site of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) completed CASPA testing. Testing was performed in sound treated rooms using a speaker placed 3 ft away from the listener.

Results: ALHIV and ALwoHIV had similar mean thresholds for phoneme and consonant scoring. ALHIV had poorer phoneme and consonant thresholds despite better ear 4 kHz thresholds compared to the ALwoHIV, suggesting difficulty with detecting speech-in-noise not related to diminished pure-tone thresholds. In ALHIV only, after adjusting for age, sex, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, and better ear 4 kHz threshold, total time on protease inhibitors (PIs) was significantly negatively associated with both phoneme threshold and consonant threshold, while total time on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was marginally associated with both threshold measures.

Conclusion: CASPA performance appeared to be poorer in ALHIV and these results suggest that HIV treatment (i.e., cumulative PI or NNRTI use) may preserve speech communication abilities in noise.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is prevalent in HIV-infected patients and dyslipidemia is the main cause of long-term toxicities of current antiretroviral therapy (ART). Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a commonest antiretroviral of ART. It has been reported to have lipidlowering effects.

Objectives: In this study, the influences of the lipid-lowering effects of TDF on fatty liver, liver function profiles and renal toxicity were further investigated in mono-HIV-infected patients during long-term ART up to five years.

Methods: 115 and 38 HIV-infected, ART-naive patients who respectively received TDF- and zidovudine (AZT)-based regimens for 5 years were enrolled. The differences in lipid profiles, liver functions and renal toxicity between those two groups of patients and the correlations among these observed indicators were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: After 5 years of ART, no increase in plasma triglyceride (TG) and only moderate increase in total cholesterol (TC) were found in TDF group. As for plasma TG and TC, the increments in the fifth year and the level changes over time in TDF group were all much less serious than those in AZT group. The new occurrence rates of hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver and abnormality of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly lower in TDF group. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was comparable between two groups except 4 patients who were excluded due to renal toxicity in TDF group. The further analyses showed that there were close correlations between TG and BMI, BMI and ALT, TC and ALT, and TC and AST, but no correlations between eGFR and TG or TC in patients treated with TDF-based regimen.

Conclusion: The lipid-lowering effect of TDF had moderate protective effects on liver functions via reducing liver fat. In the era of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and integrase inhibitors, TDF-based regimens may remain to be the first choice for young HIV-infection patients with dyslipidemia, fatty liver and obesity.