Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine

The M-band and Z-disc are transversal structural features of cross-striated muscles that anchor and mechanically support the contractile apparatus and its minimum unit, the sarcomere. Proteins' capacity to locate and interact with these structural sarcomeric parts is an unavoidable requirement for proper myofbrillar apparatus construction and function. The M-band, in particular, is a well-known mechanical and signalling hub that deals with active forces during contraction, and its damage causes sickness and death. The assembly and interactions of the three key flamentous proteins in the region, primarily the three myomesin proteins, including their Embryonic Heart (EH) isoform, titin, and obscurin, are the focus of research on the M-band architecture.

Extracellular vesicles can be released by any cell, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes (EVs). EVs are vital for maintaining appropriate intercellular communication and internal environment balance because they include various cellular components such as RNA and surface proteins. EVs released from various tissues and cells have a wide range of features and functions (e.g., targeted specificity, regulatory ability, physical durability, and immunogenicity), making them a promising novel drug delivery and precision therapy alternative. The ability of EVs to transport anticancer medications for tumour therapy has been proven; additionally, the contents and surface material of EVs can be adjusted to improve their therapeutic efficacy in the clinic by increasing targeting potential and drug delivery effectiveness. By affecting the tumour microenvironment, EVs can control immune system function and hence slow tumour development.