Journal of Health Education Research & Development

Children with autism were not mental retarded children. But, they had developmental disorder, and were slow in some activities. So, they were different from mental retardation. However, autism might be occurred with mental retardation. Consequently, it was necessary to precisely discriminate the autism, and mental retardation. Because the support technique and method in some issues, were different. It might be concluded that the children with autism were children group with problem in language development, communication, social or interpersonal interaction. They had sort attention span or low concentration, hardly sit still. Some of them may have behavioral and emotional problems.

Background: For the effective management of blood banks and safe blood transfusion services, understanding ABO blood group types and Rhesus (Rh) factor distribution at local and regional levels is very essential. Objective: To determine and compare the five years, 2010-2014, distribution of ABO and rhesus blood groups in Jimma Town blood bank, South West Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to determine the distribution of the type ABO blood group and Rh factor among blood donors of Jimma town blood bank. For those individuals available to donate blood during study period, we used an interview based structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and other clinically useful data. But non study period data, we used a check list to retrieve data from record. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentage were used to present data in text and tables. Results: At the ABO blood group system, type O was the commonest type accounting for 43.1% followed by type A and B accounting for 31.9% and 21.5% respectively. The AB blood group type was the least common accounting for 3.5% sample. From Rh blood group, 92.8% subjects were Rh positive whereas 7.2% were Rh negative. Conclusion: The study reports the pattern of blood groups among the people in and around Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia and would help the blood bank to prepare database and increase awareness which type of blood group should be stored more. So, the study has a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services for those who need blood transfusion.

The Author is honored to work at significant editorial posts of APSP Journal of Case Reports (AJCR) and Journal of Neonatal Surgery (JNS). AJCR is an electronic, peer reviewed, and official journal of The Association of Pediatric Surgeons of Pakistan and published thrice a year from Karachi. Journal of Neonatal Surgery is a unique e-journal dedicated only to Neonatal Surgery and published quarterly from Lahore. JNS is a joint venture of Pediatric surgeons from Pakistan and India. Both of these journals are permanently archived on PubMed Central (PMC) and can be accessed through PubMed. The author also acts as publisher of these journals. This piece of text shares author’s point of view regarding electronic Journals, based on his experience of these two electronic journals, and describes an economic publishing model and its usefulness in sustaining e-journals compared with print journals. This will provide an insight especially to scholarly bodies that are planning to start a journal about an ideal, cost effective, and sustainable publishing medium.

Objective: Residency training is transforming how to teach residents about practicing as a personal physician in a Patient Centered Medical Home [PCMH], but little is known about how trainees experience these responsibilities. Methods: This study used an online survey with open-ended questions to assess residents experiences with curricular innovations as part of learning to practice as physicians in a PCMH. The survey questions were distributed every six to 12 months. This analysis focuses on responses to a single question administered once, “What does being a personal physician working in a medical home mean to you?” Two independent researchers analyzed text responses using an immersion-crystallization approach. The full research team met to discuss emerging themes. Principal findings: Sixty-two residents representing 78.6% of participating training programs responded to the online survey question that is the focus of this analysis. Overwhelmingly, resident respondents reported finding meaning in the humanistic and interpersonal aspects of medicine. In particular, residents reported that being a personal physician in a PCMH meant being the go-to person for patients’ healthcare needs. This included delivering patient-centered, continuous care in the context of a physician-patient relationship that broke down the traditional physician-patient hierarchy. Being a personal physician also included an important role for the physician and clinical team members in orchestrating the referral and care coordination process. To accomplish this, residents recognized that personal physicians needed to learn the art of practice. Conclusion: Physicians trained in newly redesigned residencies understand and embrace their role and relationships with patients and health care teams that emerge as part of the PCMH. Residency redesign efforts can inculcate new family physicians with key practice ideals and knowledge about how to achieve these in practice.

Cleft lip and palate is a congenital anomaly resulting in functional, esthetic and psychological disharmony of the patient. In infants, parents face a major problem in feeding them because of oro-nasal communication prior to any surgical intervention. In this article, various designs of passive feeding plates have been described to meet the nutritional demands of the infants. In young children, active feeding plates help in improving functioning along with the naso alveolar moulding.

The United States government spends 3 trillion dollars on disease treatment each and every year. Chronic diseases are responsible for 86% of these health care costs. Chronic diseases are linked to 70% of the deaths that occur each year. The costs worldwide are likely even greater. After the age of 50, at least 50% of the people from the US have at least one chronic disease. About 1/3 of the US population has some form of diabetes or pre-diabetes. Why does this continue and certainly it is a major factor in the debt of the United States which is approximately 20 trillion dollars. How can the government and our medical people including scientists allow this outrage to continue?

Is it because we do not understand the cause of chronic diseases? Certainly we have not developed effective medications and or treatments; so even if we knew what the root cause of chronic diseases could we prevent or reverse them?

Dr Peter Barnes, M.D., Ph.D. is the premier scientist in the world who studies acute and chronic lung diseases. He has found that acute diseases can be effectively treated with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs e.g., asthma; but chronic diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are not effectively treated with those same steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The difference between the two diseases forms the blueprint of what causes chronic diseases other than those caused by genetic defects which are relatively rare. The major difference between acute (treatable diseases) and chronic (essentially untreatable or poorly treatable diseases) is the excessive generation of peroxide called peroxynitrite (OONO-). Chronic diseases produce excessive amounts of peroxynitrite and this can create massive biochemical damage to the cell particles (mitochondria) that allow life to continue and produce necessary energy and key enzymatic proteins are damaged as well as the DNA, and RNA-the master molecules of life. Excessive peroxynitrite is the linchpin of chronic diseases.

Therefore the key to controlling chronic diseases is to control excessive peroxynitrite. This prevents the damage to our bodies from nitration, nitrosylation and nitrosation all major damages caused by peroxynitrite. How do we control these diseases -we need to find suitable targets of peroxynitrite damage that are non-toxic and exist in a continuous state to fight this toxic chemical. There are peroxynitrite catalytic antagonists and some vitamins like vitamin C and different forms of vitamin E are targets which destroy peroxynitrite and these have been shown to be somewhat effective against chronic diseases. We must introduce the peroxynitrite antagonists early in the disease state before the diseases become irreversible.

The excessive peroxynitrite actually damages the epigenetic mechanism (histone deacetylase) by which steroids exert their anti-inflammatory action. But, if we can suppress peroxynitrite early in the chronic disease state -chronic diseases can be become acute and very treatable diseases.

Ehrlich made more than 600 arsenic compounds, one of which, Salvarsan, cured the disease of syphilis. Later, one injection was found to cure in ten days, the terrible, disfiguring, tropical yaws. This Magic Bullet seemed a miracle, but the injection itself was absorbed into local cultures so that all treatments were given with injections. However, hepatitis and HIV were transmitted to tens of millions by injections. Probably 16 billion injections are made every year, many unnecessary and unsterile. WHO has adopted a campaign for the use of ‘once only’ syringes, but most injections are given outside the health services, and syringes are used many times without cleaning or sterilizing. It is these injections which must be stopped.

This paper concentrates on the analysis of the human body of lower limb muscles and the effect of the gait motion. Eight human lower limb muscles are selected, containing: hip extensor: (semitendinosus and biceps femoris), hip flexor: (rectus femoris and vastus medialis), knee extensor: (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis), knee flexor: (lateralis gastrocnemius, medialis gastrocnemius and semitendinosus), ankle plantar flexion: (lateralis gastrocnemius and medialis gastrocnemius), ankle dorsal flexor: (tibialis anterior). The Telemyo 2400 DTS and Vicon MX system is used to collect gait parameters and surface Electromyography (sEMG) of lower limbs when 10 healthy subjects walk on the oil trails recovery or fall from slipping during leg heel contacting trail moment to swing leg heel contacting trail moment (the first double support and single support phase). Moreover, this paper compares and analyzes the muscles reaction and gait parameters change about hip, knee and ankle after subjects suffer the interference and then slip or fall. The results indicate that increasing the stretching hip, the knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion movement contributes to human recovery balance from unexpected slip. The results of this research will explore new ideas and provide a reference value for the formulation of anti-slip strategy, rehabilitation training and the development of lower limb walker.

The current study aims to assess the knowledge of healthcare practitioners regarding Zika virus disease in Karachi, Pakistan. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 2016 to April 2016. The study population were physicians selected by non probability convenience sampling technique and were rendering their services in different hospitals and clinics of Karachi. Among the study participants, 41.4% considered themselves not very conversant about Zika virus. Medical literature (50%) and mass media (32%) were the major sources of health information. Approximately 75% did not know the availability of vaccine against Zika virus disease whereas 72.07% were not well versed with the availability and mode of treatment. Around 78% and 22% believed that mosquito bite and body fluid and secretions are the major source of infection respectively. It is concluded that our physicians are not well versed with the Zika virus disease. There is a need to advance the knowledge and understanding of Zika virus disease among physicians as they symbolize a well-informed component of society and healthcare structure. Furthermore, well-organized educational programs are necessary to expand appropriate awareness of public as regards Zika virus disease.

Objective: To know the frequency and characteristics of the types of companions of the patients, classified as “collaborators” and “non-collaborators” from the point of view of the doctor, and to compare them to assess whether there are relevant variables associated to take into account and for preventing difficulties in the clinical interview. Material and methods: An observational and analytical study, which included patients of both sexes over 14 years. For each patient and companion the following variables were collected, among others: type of companion classified as “collaborator” and “non-collaborator”, age, sex, chronic disease, taking medication, sick leave of the patient, the problems in the family context, social-occupancy class, the companion relationship with the patient, and the social availability of companion in relation to the patient. Results: 45% of companions of the patients were “collaborators” and 55% were “non-collaborators”. In the comparison between companions “collaborators” and companions “non-collaborators”, the results were only statistically significant, and for the companions “non-collaborators”, for more family problems and fewer workers, and students, and more housewives and unemployed. In the comparison between patients with companions “collaborators” and patients with companions “non-collaborators”, were found a statistically significant difference, for patients with companions “noncollaborators” for the presence of more family problems. Conclusions: We found a slight predominance of the companions “non-collaborators”, who are housewives or unemployed preferably, and with family problems; on the other hand, the patients who are accompanied for these companions also present family problems. If the family doctor knows the type of companion could strengthen the relationship in the case of companion “collaborator” and avoid interference in the course of the clinical interview in the case of a companion “non-collaborator”.

Background: Although organ transplantation is considered as the only preferable treatment for end-stage organ disease, there are not many organ donors among Saudis.

Objectives: To assess knowledge and attitude of Saudis in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, towards organ donation and to determine factors intervene with willingness of family to donate a member’s organ.

Methods: A cross-sectional study, data were collected through a valid structured interview questionnaire from 290 participants during organ donation campaign in May 2015. The questionnaire included socio-demographicdata and data about participants’ awareness and knowledge on organ donation. Data were analyzed and compared by participants’ sex using appropriate statistical tests.

Results: Of the interviewed 385 Saudis, 290 agreed to participate in the study with a response rate of 76.3%. The mean age of the participants was 27.2 ± 8.8 years. The study revealed 74.1% of the participants were willing to donate their organs with no significant differences between males and females, although only 2.7% of them reported to have a donation card. Religion, money, and age of the recipient appeared to have no role in their willing of organ donation. However, lack of awareness (21.7%), family refusal (20.6%) and fear of unknown (19.7%) were the most important barriers of organ donation.

Conclusions: The study showed a considerable number of participants were willing to donate their organs that religion and financial reasons were not factors. More organ donation campaigns are needed to maximize public positive beliefs.

College students possess an omnipresence reference that influences their assumptions that their youth is equated to good health. For the most part, this logic prevails, until a closer examination of college life experiences reports high risk behaviours, struggles with health issues and the onset of conditions that were preventable by a healthier lifestyle. Suicide deaths, risky sexual practices, sleep deprivation, substance use represent more of the impactful unhealthy practices and missed meals, non-nutritious food intake and untreated colds/coughs represent the more moderate health concerns of college students. The current investigation explored the health knowledge of college students. Results from a pre-test to post-test case control design indicated a statistically significant difference in health knowledge following a Health Psychology course/educational intervention. The overall number correct on a textbook publisher instrument of Health Knowledge was used as the dependent variable. With no significant differences found for demographic variables of age, gender, number of health related courses taken the data was collapsed into a single group for analysis. The results are presented and discussed in terms of low and high areas of knowledge.

Today with the challenges in orthopaedics, we need to create a bridge between orthopaedists and many scientists in many fields to produce a new strategy of education using 3D simulation. In this article, we will explain the aim of our platform (O3DC), in order to mention the viewpoints of our teamwork.

Introduction: Otitis media with effusion is accompanied with conductive hearing loss. The aim of the study is to find out effect of long term or recurrent conductive hearing loss on speech descrimination.

Method: Tonal audiometry timpanometry, speech audiometry (free sound field, head phone for left and right ear respectively) performed in 18 girls (mean age 8 years) and 27 boys (mean age 7 year). All of the children undergo speech/language screening tests.

Results: Results of speech recognition showed no ear side effect in girls and right ear advantage in boys. Girls showed earlier in age central auditory processing disorder. Boys showed lower scores in words discrimination while hearing throught the head-phones on left ear. Poorer speech recognition at boys is accompanied with motorical immaturty, undeveloped articulation, poor vocabulary, lack of syntax in sentences, substitution of R and L, unable to focus on school tusk.

Conclusion: Children with conductive hearing loss associated to otitis media with effusion are pronounced auditory processing disorder and speech/language discrimination disturbance. Associative thinking and solving of abstract problems are more affected in females than males.