Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review

This paper investigates about such practices that may be stated as anti-promotion and anti-development practices. The fact about life is that it remains full of good and bad events. If the good events are more, the person will feel more happiness than others who have to bear hardships. But if bad practices or crises are greater than good practices, it will be difficult to remain happy because of problems and hardships. In actual, in every society, poor and poverty presents, therefore poor people have to do sometimes negative acts for survival of their lives. But sometimes, wealthy persons are indulged in bad actions due to their bad company of friends and bad habits. In actual these bad habits are not limited to individuals but these create obstacles in the way of collective progress of a society. In developing countries, poor people have to do deploy their children in many fields of the economies rather than getting education in their childhood and innocence. In countries of the world whether the countries are developed or under developed, countries are of Muslims or of non-Muslims, negative practices are discouraged and prohibited by all those people who are affected but these negative practices are encouraged by beneficiaries of these practices. This is why in societies; people have close relationship with the persons of negative practices because of common advantages. As concerned social and economic influences of unfair practices, these are vivid and gigantic. In nutshell, brief analysis is presented about the reasons of backwardness and logic of prohibition about wrong activities in Islamic teachings.

The study has potential limitations. A random effects model has been estimated considering log-transformed data seeking to obtain reliable measurements that allow a statistical analysis. The estimate model has conducted a panel data analysis considering the computer, communications and other services as a percentage of commercial service exports taken as a dependent variable (Y) and three explanatory variables related to the share of high-technology exports in manufactured exports (X₁), researchers (per million) (X₂) in research and development (R&D), share of computer, communications and other services in commercial service imports (X₃). A panel of eight developed countries has been chosen that are United States, Japan, China, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Singapore and Korea Republic covering the period of 1996-2017 (22 years). With three panel unit root tests, such that λ_B, IPS and CADF, all variables require a first difference to become stationary. The null hypothesis of no co-integration can not be rejected according to the seven tests proposed by Pedroni. The findings reveal a positive impact for both variables (X₂) and (X₃) but a negative impact for (X₁) on the variable (Y). The findings reveal that if (X₂) (respectively (X₃)) increases 1% then Y increases 0.115% (respectively 0.271%). While if the variable (X₁) increases 1% then Y decreases 0.119%.

The purpose of this review paper is to assess effects of poor leadership. Leadership is a discipline and an art of guiding, directing, motivating, and inspiring a group or organization toward the achievement of common goals. It is about influencing others and to do so there are some important character and skill that a leader has to possess. Leadership skills are the tools, behaviors and capability that a person needs in order to be successful at motivating, persuading and directing others to buy into the vision, objective or goal. Leadership skill is a pregnant word or phrase that encompasses different skill types namely; communication skill, motivational skill, management skill, vision, setting positive examples and among others. Leadership skills are one of the most important skills that are required in the changing world to perform different roles such as achieving the goals of the organization, communicating vision, mobilizing and motivating others, planning, organizing, controlling, in developing and maintaining cooperative relationship with superiors, subordinates, peers and others and so on. Moreover, leadership skills are important in order to build and keep healthy relationship with the people in and outside of the organizations. Leaders must be equipped with the necessary leadership skills. If this is so, they can effectively execute their jobs in an extraordinary way. However, in reality problems are clearly seen with the effective performance of leaders and employees. The reason why is because of deficit of leadership skill. The reason as to why poor leadership skill might be attributed because of lack of experience, education, training and so on. Where leaders are in short of important leadership skill, there will be lots of problems which will have long and extended effect in the organization. The important leadership skills that are lacking and causing problems with the performance of the organization are related to vision, communication, motivation, management, setting good examples and among others. Lack of leadership skill has consequences of reducing performance of the leaders and also the employees by increasing employee turnover, reducing employee satisfaction, etc. which again have negative impact on the productivity of the organization. This is because leadership is backbone of an organization. It is the leader who is responsible for the effectiveness of employees. To remove constraints related with poor leadership it is better working on leadership skill development through creating conducive environments for new employee to exercise leadership, provision of appropriate training, leader undertake self-help activities and lastly positive good example setting.