Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background: Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a painkiller that is popular throughout the world because it does not irritate the stomach. Paracetamol was first discovered to have both analgesic and antipyretic properties in the late nineteenth century. The aim of present work was to Formulate, develop and evaluate Paracetamol Tablets by Moisture Activated Dry Granulation (MADG) process to short manufacturing time and process variables as compared with convention process.

Method: Colloidal anhydrous silica is used in the formulation to absorb the extra moisture present in the MADG process formulation. A total number of five formulations were prepared and weight of all tablets kept constant. i.e. 595 mg.

Result: All the formulations resulted in acceptable limit. The final batch F3 (contained PVPK 3% and Kollidon 90F 4%) considered as optimized batch which gives the release up to 95.38% in 30 min. All Pre-compression parameters like Carr’s Index, Hausner’s Ratio and Angle of Repose met the standard values indicating good flow properties. The average weight, friability and hardness were within compendia limits. Drug content uniformity was within acceptable limits. The result of stability study of the batch F3 showed that there was no significant change in Hardness, Friability, In-vitro Disintegration time, The optimized formulation batch F3 showed better drug release profile with other formulations.

Conclusion: The PCM tablets prepared by MADG process had advantages such as short manufacturing time and few critical formulation and process variables when compared with convention wet granulation process.

Objective: Obesity is associated with the exacerbation of pain. Recently, it was reported that High-Fat Diet (HFD)-induced obese mice show mechanical hypersensitivity after surgery, which causes neuroinflammation via microglial activation in the hypothalamus. However, the mechanism by which HFD-induced obesity exacerbates pain remains unclear. The Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (FABP) 3 belongs to a family of proteins that transports fatty acids into the cell and modulates cellular functions. We demonstrated that FABP3 was increased in the hypothalamus of postoperative pain mice, and was co-expressed in microglia. FABP3 has a high affinity for saturated Fatty Acids (FAs) and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs in HFD-fed mice, and its function is affected by different types of FAs. Here, we tested whether FABP3 is involved in the mechanism of obesityinduced pain exacerbation through microglial regulation.

Methods: C57/BL6J wild-type (WT) and FABP3 knockout (FABP3KO) mice were used in this study. These mice were fed a Control Diet (CD) or a High-Fat Diet (HFD) for eight weeks. Post-operative pain model mice were created by paw incision. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed using the von Frey test. Microglial expression and perimeters were analyzed using Iba-1.

Results: Wild-Type (WT) mice fed a HFD (WT/HFD) showed continuous mechanical hypersensitivity for seven days after surgery compared to WT mice fed a CD. FABP3KO mice fed a HFD (FABP3/HFD) showed a significantly reduced response time to mechanical stimuli compared to WT/HFD and recovered mechanical hypersensitivity seven days after surgery. WT/HFD mice showed increased microglial expression and morphological hypertrophy of cells with an increase in their perimeter in the median eminence of the hypothalamus seven days after surgery, whereas these changes were not observed in FABP3/HFD mice.

Conclusion: Our results showed that the deficiency of FABP3 may suppress HFD-induced pain exacerbation by regulating the hypothalamic microglia, indicating that FABP3 may be a therapeutic target for obesity-induced pain exacerbation.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) antioxidant strength has been seen in many studies. Most chemotherapy have been seen to cause side effect through oxidative stress. This work seeks to study the ability of CoQ10 to counter the oxidative stress and thus remediate the chemotherapy induced toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents.

Fifty male mice were used for this study. They were divided into 5 groups (of 10 rats each) which include normal control (standard diet plus intraperitoneal (i.p) normal saline), 5 Fluorouracil (5FU) control (negative control) (standard diet plus i,p 5 fluorouracil at 200 mg/kg body weight) and three treatment groups of CoQ10 incorporated into standard diet at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of feed of feed. The weight of the rats was measured every 3 days and recorded. The experiment lasted for two weeks after which the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Blood was collected for red blood cell indices (PCV, MCV, MCH, Hemoglobin, MCHC) and white blood cell parameters (WBC, NC, LC and Platelet count) hematological study and the spleen fixed in 10% formalin for histological study.

The weight did not show any significant difference all groups compared to the control while the red blood cell indices showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in the negative control group when compared to the positive control group except MCHC which showed no significant difference (p>0.001). The treatment groups showed an increase in all parameters when compared to the negative control except MCHC.

The white blood cell parameters all showed increase except for the Lymphocyte Count (LC). The histological slide showed the damage by 5- FU as seen in the negative control group while the treatments ameliorated it in the treatment group. The result showed the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU on the cells and the amelioration by the COQ10.

Vaccine development has always been a cornerstone of public health, offering protection against a wide range of infectious diseases. In recent years, advancements in biotechnology, immunology, and global collaboration have accelerated the development of vaccines, addressing both existing and emerging global health challenges. This article explores the current trends in vaccine development, highlighting innovative approaches, technological breakthroughs, and the efforts to combat pressing health issues worldwide. These nanoscale delivery systems can protect fragile antigens from degradation, ensure targeted delivery to immune cells, and potentially reduce the required dosage, making vaccines more effective and accessible. Nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver antigens and adjuvants with high precision, enhancing the immune response and improving vaccine efficacy. For example, nanoparticle-based vaccines for diseases like malaria and tuberculosis are currently in development, showing promising results in preclinical and early clinical trials.

Biomedical engineering, an interdisciplinary field combining principles of engineering, biology and medicine, has significantly advanced healthcare technology. These innovations are transforming diagnostics, treatment and patient care, improving both outcomes and quality of life. This article explores the latest biomedical engineering breakthroughs enhancing healthcare technology, delving into their implications and future prospects. One of the most impactful areas of biomedical engineering innovation is diagnostic technology. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and biomedical engineers have made significant strides in this domain. For instance, the development of advanced imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has revolutionized the ability to visualize internal body structures and functions. These technologies provide detailed images of soft tissues, enabling early detection of conditions like cancer, neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases to treat effectively, primarily due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance to various therapeutic agents. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying this drug resistance is crucial for developing more effective treatments and improving patient outcomes. Drug resistance in cancer therapy can be classified into two broad categories: intrinsic resistance, where cancer cells are inherently resistant to treatment and acquired resistance, where initially sensitive cancer cells develop resistance over time. This article explores the key biological mechanisms contributing to drug resistance in cancer therapy. One of the primary mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer is the alteration of drug targets. Many cancer therapies, particularly targeted therapies, are designed to interfere with specific proteins or pathways critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation.

Human cells produce an enormous number of proteins and dysfunction in these may lead to serious diseases and developmental abnormalities. To treat these protein de iciencies the missing or dysfunctional molecules are complemented or substituted with therapeutics provided by different biological systems. However, protein therapeutics must unavoidably adhere to quality constraints that are much stricter than those for chemical industries. Although it is undoubtedly a challenging task to obtain an active protein in a way that is economically feasible, biopharmaceuticals (recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies or vaccines) are the largest group of drugs developed in the pharmaceutical industry. Market calculations estimated the recombinant protein drug industry to be around 10% of the entire drug market, predicting an even larger proportion in the future. The global market of biopharmaceuticals is estimated to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.8% from 2018 to 2025, according to the latest report developed by allied market research. The report biopharmaceuticals market by type and application: Global opportunity analysis and industry forecast, presenting an analysis of pro iles of the major player projects that the global biopharmaceuticals market, which reached $186,470 million in 2017, will have reached $526,008 million by 2025. The more detailed characteristics of the expected value growth of particular biologic types in the biopharmaceuticals market (divided into dominating monoclonal antibody, growth and coagulation factor, interferon, vaccine, insulin, erythropoietin and hormone) are available in the report and on the allied market research website.

World Health Organization supported pharmacists in international context and recommended one pharmacist per 2000 population and per 50 beds worldwide. Relationship between physician, nurse and pharmacist existed in triangle and every angle of triangle has their own importance if any of angles is deficient the health team will incomplete. Paradigm shift in pharmacy practice from mercantile products oriented practice to patient oriented. In Pakistan this is not up to the required level and this indicator is not followed up to the marked to improve the health care team triangle ultimately provide rational drug therapy to the patient. That’s why we can called as fragile health team triangle. The current article through light on current scenario on scope of pharmacists in Pakistan and the main aim of this study is to synergize, facilitate and hire these specialists in order to stabilize the health care team triangle.