Biosensors & Bioelectronics

Recently graphen based nanocomposites are become an emerging research areas for fabrication of enzymatic biosensors due to their property of large surface area, conductivity and biocompatibility. This review summarizes recent research reports of graphen based nanocomposites for the fabrication of glucose and ethanol enzymatic biosensors. The newly fabricated enzyme free Microwave Treated Nitrogen Doped Graphen (MTN-d-GR) had provided highest sensitivity towards glucose and GCE/rGO/AuNPs/ADH composite had provided far highest sensitivity towards ethanol compared to other reported graphen based nanocomposites. The MWCNT/GO/ GOx and GCE/ErGO/PTH/ADH nanocomposites had also enhanced wide linear range for glucose and ethanol detection respectively.

Generally, graphen based nanocomposite enzymatic biosensors had fast direct electron transfer rate, highest sensitivity and wide linear detection ranges during glucose and ethanol sensing.

Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors represent a cutting-edge technology in the field of biosensing, offering high specificity and sensitivity for detecting a wide range of analytes. Central to their performance are the transducer components, which convert biochemical signals into measurable electrical signals. This paper reviews the assessment of transducer components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors, focusing on various material configurations that influence sensor performance. Key aspects such as material selection, fabrication techniques, and characterization methods are explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of their impact on sensor efficacy. The review highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in optimizing transducer components to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors.

Hydrogels based on conductive polymers have emerged as a promising platform for wearable electrochemical biosensors, combining the advantageous properties of both hydrogels and conductive polymers to achieve sensitive, selective, and wearable biosensing devices. This comprehensive review explores the principles, design strategies, fabrication techniques, applications, challenges, and future perspectives of hydrogel-based conductive polymer biosensors for wearable applications. In recent years, wearable biosensors have gained significant attention due to their potential to revolutionize healthcare monitoring and diagnostics. These devices offer continuous, real-time monitoring of biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, and various ions in sweat or interstitial fluid. Among the various materials used for biosensor development, hydrogels and conductive polymers stand out for their biocompatibility, tunable properties, and ability to facilitate electron transfer.

Highly stable, eco-friendly ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by an easy and cost-effective plant (Aloe barbadensis miller gel as crystal growth modifier) mediated synthesis route. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles of average particle size 70 nm-90 nm. LPG sensing properties were systematically investigated. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited outstanding gas sensing characteristics like higher gas response (~500 ppm LPG gas at 350°C), the reaction time (~3 sec), recovery time (~35 sec), excellent repeatability and good selectivity. Structural, morphological and phase conformation characteristics are measured using XRD, EDS, FESEM, TEM and FTIR. This work provides a completely unique green approach to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles for the LPG sensing application.

Our search for the unification of electrostatic force and gravity is one of the most pressing research areas. Sir Newton’s universal gravitational constant G is and has been the key constant in the calculations of classical mechanics for the gravitational potential and force of attraction between two masses, as well as the motion in the solar system. Recent research work on gravity focused on finding low-frequency gravitational waves. In this paper it is shown that, Newton’s gravitational law and Coulomb’s electrostatic law are manifestations of the same fundamental interactions. G depends on the quantum physical composition of matter, being the atomic number/protons (Z) to atomic mass number (A) ratio. All planets orbiting the sun yield, within statistical significance, the same G. However, the reference frame of atomic nuclei is distinctly different for each element and from that of the solar/planetary system. In addition, the definition of what Newton called “gravity” is rooted in the relation of all orbital motion to Kepler’s third law. Kepler’s third law (α=R³/T²) and Sir Newton’s law of gravitational attraction (F=-GMm/R²) are fundamental references for orbital motion. After the full derivation, it is also shown that the coulomb force of attraction (F= -q²/(4πε_oR²)) in the hydrogen atom yields a significantly same result as the Newtonian force of attraction between the proton and electron in the hydrogen atom, with a gravitational constant of 7.55 × 1028 N.m².kg^-2. It is shown that the unifying gravitational constant for all matter of nature is G=Z/A {1.525 1892 × 10²⁹} N.m².kg^-2. It is further hypothesised, based on the outcome of the theoretical derivation and correlation of the results between the coulomb and gravitational forces that gravity is electrostatic in nature and that they are reciprocally special cases of the general formula derived and presented in this paper.

The conclusions drawn from the results are supported by the analyses of information, using existing solar system/planetary data and atomic physics data. The results were correlated and confirm the hypotheses.