Journal of Cancer Clinical Trials

Pulsed Reduced Dose Rate (PRDR) is an external beam re-irradiation technique that may be appropriate for recurrent tumors in patients who have previously undergone radiation treatment. PRDR is thought to effectively target dividing neoplastic cells that display Low-Dose Hyper-Radiosensitivity (LDHRS) while permitting sub-lethal damage repair in non-proliferating normal tissues. To date, only a few case reports and several retrospective studies have reported on efficacy after PRDR retreatment across several disease sites, including CNS, breast, and nasopharyngeal tumors. In this article, we review available publications of PRDR re-irradiation in patients. Taken together, this research demonstrates that PRDR offers a treatment option for large volume recurrent disease at previously irradiated sites. More research is needed to establish therapeutic benefit and late adverse effects for each disease site.

Introduction: Endocrine therapy with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors has been used in Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive breast cancer for decades. Epithelial ovarian cancer, in particular serous Low- and High Grade Subtypes (LGSOC, HGSOC), shows a similar high ER expression and represents therefore a potential target for endocrine therapy. Many treatments have been evaluated in phase II clinical trials in heavily pretended patients, but the overall tumor response and agent superiority (tamoxifen vs. aromatase inhibitors) remains unclear.
Methods: We present a literature review of endocrine therapy for ovarian cancer and emphasize the role of endocrine maintenance therapy with letrozole after standard of care.
Results: Endocrine therapy appears to be an eligible and cost effective treatment option with good quality of life in the adjuvant and recurrent treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. The trend shows the highest effect in histological subtypes with the highest ER expression (LGSOC and HGSOC).

Introduction: Cutaneous apocrine carcinomas (CAC) are rare adnexal malignant tumors preferentially localized in the axillary and anogenital regions. They are characterized by mammillated plaques or asymptomatic nodules and present a differential diagnosis problem with cutaneous metastases of breast adenocarcinoma. Metastatic CACs are a therapeutic challenge.
Case presentation: A 63-year-old man, chronic smoker, presented with painless left axillary mammillated plaques that had been slowly evolving for 18 months. Clinical examination found a tumor mass associated with magma of left axillary lymph nodes. Histological study and immunohistochemical staining of the skin evoked the diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis of breast adenocarcinoma. However, the diagnosis of axillary CAC was retained owing to the negativity of explorations in search of a primitive adenocarcinoma and the slow clinical course. Morphological assessment showed lymph node, hepatic and pulmonary metastases. Surgical excision with lymph node dissection was performed followed by chemotherapy.
Discussion: Metastatic CACs are rare. Sometimes, the existence of misleading tumor architecture and nonspecific nature of the immunolabeling explain the difficulty of the differential histological diagnosis between axillary CAC and cutaneous metastasis of lobular breast adenocarcinoma. Because of the rarity of this neoplasia no effective treatment is currently established.
Conclusion: We report a new case of metastatic axillary CAC. This case illustrates the importance of anatomoclinical correlation in cutaneous oncology and highlighted the need of treatment outcome evaluations of other cases of metastatic CAC to offer optimal treatment.

Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms affecting larynx are a rare tumors. Undifferentiated high-grade Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS), considered as malignant fibrous histiocytoma, is a high grade malignant neoplasm characterized by tumor cells with diffuse pleomorphism in the absence of a specific line of differentiation; we present a new case of undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma arising in larynx, and discuss pathological findings and surgical treatment of this rare tumor.

Introduction: Electronic cigarettes (E-Cigarettes) were introduced into the market in 2007 as an alternative method for quitting smoking. Considering the increase in the use of electronic cigarettes, the study aims to perform the comprehensive review of literature on e-cigarettes.
Objective: To explore the presence and usage of e-cigarettes in India and to assess whether use of it can be helpful in reduction of behaviour related to smoking cigarettes.
Methods: The literature search strategy was developed using the key words based on the objectives and the electronic based data source for identification of papers was done in PubMed and UK electronic research forum was contacted through to extract the articles.
Results: There are almost 75 companies which are supplying e-cigarettes through online in India, and there is no brand in India which manufactures its own product except evolve vapors. Limited studies assessing the health effects of e-cigarettes have been performed as most of them are done in the laboratory conditions. The use of e-cigarettes was more in current smokers as the usage increasing in adolescents because of the modifiability and similarity with the conventional cigarettes. Randomized control trial (RCT) and cohort studies were not able to generate enough evidence because of the small sample size in the study and lack of previous data available.
Conclusion: Well-designed newer generation e-cigarettes trials must be monitored and measured for a longer period so that the safety of the device can be generated.