Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

This research aims to identify the most critical factors that influence cost and time overruns in water resource projects and assess the risk associated with cost and time overruns. There were fifty (50) time delay factors and fifty-five (55) cost overrun factors included in this study. Identifying the Cause for the project's delay was greatly aided by studying the literature and discussions with various parties. This questionnaire aimed to assess the severity, frequency of occurrence, and significance of the defined courses. The factor was compared and ranked based on the analyses of the Relative Importance Index (RII). Cost overrun-related factors were categorized into six groups i.e. client, contractor, consultant, labour, external, and equipment whereas, time overrun administration, financial, contractor, consultant, and material-related factors. This factor was compared and ranked based on the analyses of the Relative Importance Index (RII). Based on the studies, contractor and external-related factors significantly impacted the frequency and severity of cost overrun compared to other sub-groups. Similarly, we compared the major contributor factor in the project's running time; based on the analysis of the material-related and financial-related problems; there was a significant impact in increasing the project's frequency and severity, respectively. Furthermore, in this research, the percentage of risk of cost and time overrun was also studied in detail. Based on that, external related factors had a high risk for cost overrun compared to the other five categories, and administration-related factors were also exposed time overruns to be raised.

This work is aimed at presenting response studies for the dynamic analysis of various types of RC bridges. The emphasis is to provide an evaluation of the ‘impact factor’, which is often used to incorporate the dynamic effects in conventional analyses of bridges. After interpreting the results from numerical formulation with theoretical results, a detailed parametric study is performed in this work to investigate some important details of the behavior of Deck Girder, Balanced Cantilever and Continuous Bridges based on dynamic analysis under the moving loads. Various aspects of the dynamic response of RC bridges are studied, comparing with the conventional static structural analysis and changing the vehicular velocity, damping ratio and number of spans. The resulting effects on bridge deflection, bending moment and shear are observed.

Extreme hydrological situations constantly disturb the earth activities and life, to envisage such extreme activities we need a system that alarms well on time and recognized the expected danger; to prepare such systems one must have knowledge of the significant factors that are actively responsible for such extreme situations and we should have a reliable statistical technique that helps to prepare a useful model for such systems. In this paper we investigate the historical data of peak flood from several gauging stations of river Jhelum in Kashmir, India. A reliable estimation technique (L-moment) is applied for parametric estimation of the probability distributions and a reliable testing techniques are used to check the accuracy of fitting of the distribution, in additional to that L-Moment Ratio Diagram (LMRD) is used to impart information about fitting of distribution. Log Pearsons-III distribution shows better results and satisfies tests of distribution fitting, same probability distribution is globally accepted for flood forecasting.

India is the third largest egg producer and fourth hen broiler production in the world reported by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics Division. Most of egg shell waste is willing in landfills without any pre-treatment because it is conventionally useless and eventually creates serious eco problems. The actual treatment and operation of bio-waste is a ecological and economic angle. Removal of egg shell waste is not a income Centre. Egg whites or egg yolk were generally used as adhesive which is a compound that adheres or bonds two items. Historically, they were also used to produce paint binder. the world's egg companies process an estimate done million eggs. Earlier works on the combination concrete conducted by scholars have led us to the point that the egg shell ash /powder can be used as an additive in concrete production. egg shells can be produced a new raw material for development in the construction industry as an additive in the conventional concrete. Eggshell powder and egg yolk, egg white used as a partial replacement without compromising performance characteristics of concrete including durability. The scope of study is to establish to achieve the objectives and this study will be mainly concentrated on experimental works. Experiments regarding compression strength and spilt tensile strength on the partial replacement of egg shell powder and egg yolk and egg white in concrete will be carried out in order to study the behavior of concrete. India used as natural admixture in this research work. White albumen and egg yellow yolk of broiler egg was thoroughly mixed and added to concrete. egg yolk and egg white was used as Natural admixture (NAD), both egg white albumen and yellow yolk was mixed thoroughly and added to concrete.

During the world, concrete is presence broadly used for the structure of greatest of buildings bridges etc. Presently, the complete construction industry is in exploration of an appropriate and operative the unused product that would greatly minimalize the use of cement and eventually decrease the creation cost. Such a substitute material is egg shell powder and egg yolk. Greatest of egg shell waste is willing in landfills short of any pre-treatment since it is conventionally unusable and eventually makes thoughtful eco glitches. Therefore, proper alternate is required to manage the wastes in eco-friendly way. In this developing world, many countries are going to urbanization due to population growth. Since Malaysia is one of developing countries, the construction will grow in the future. Hen egg is one of the waste materials which generated from the industry and it is contributed to the environmental and disposal problem due to egg shell increase continuously in recent years. Therefore, reuse egg shell as an additive in concrete is a better solution to reduce the environmental problem. The goal of this investigation work is to use the egg shell powder, egg yolk as a limited additional of cement. Egg shell powder is replaced by 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5% and 6% and egg yolk and egg white is replaced by 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% in addition. After curing period of 28 days, it is checked for its compressive strength, spilt tensile strength test are taken.

The aim of this study was to examine the physicochemical and microbiological status of water quality from households tap, water source and reservoir in Enchini town. To achieve this objective water samples were collected from seven households tap, two sources (one spring and one borehole), and a reservoir. All samples were analyzed for Physico chemical and bacteriological water quality parameters by using standard procedures. The results show that pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, residual chlorine, chloride of the water were ranges from 6.94-7.35,0.08-0.97 NTU,149 ppm to 343 ppm,297 μS/cm to 345 μS/cm, nill and 1.75 mg/l to 4.69 mg/l respectively. Phosphate, magnesium, calcium, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride of the water sample were also ranges between 0.18 mg/l to 0.635 mg/l, 24 mg/l to 84 mg/l, l10 mg/l to 319 mg/l ,1.4 mg/l to 3 mg/l, nill and nill-0.37 mg/l respectively. Results show that the concentration of calcium ranges from 110 mg/l to 319 mg/l in Enchini town, calcium quantity in spring (319 mg/l) was exceeding the limit set by WHO and may be harmful for local residents. All samples were positive for total coliform with counts ranging from 2-17 CFU/100 ml whereas fecal coliform were detected nill for all samples. In general the majority of the examined parameters were within the permissible limit set by WHO and Ethiopian drinking standards except calcium and total coliform.