Journal of Cytology & Histology

Cellular pathology, also known as anatomical pathology or histopathology, is a branch of pathology that focuses on the study of disease at the cellular level. It involves the examination of tissues and cells to identify abnormalities and understand the underlying mechanisms of disease. Cellular pathology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis and progression of pathological conditions. This article will explore the fundamental concepts of cellular pathology, including its techniques, applications, and significance in modern medicine. Histology involves the preparation of tissue samples for microscopic examination. Tissues are fixed, processed, and embedded in paraffin wax before being sliced into thin sections. These sections are stained with dyes, such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), to visualize cellular structures and abnormalities. Histology is widely used in diagnosing cancer, inflammatory diseases, and various other pathological conditions.

The cytoplasm, a vital component of cells, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. It is a complex and dynamic region filled with a diverse array of structures and molecules. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of cytoplasmic features and explore their functions within the cell. One of the prominent features of the cytoplasm is the cytosol, a gel-like substance that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The cytosol is composed of water, ions, small molecules, and proteins, and serves as a medium for cellular metabolism. It facilitates the movement of molecules within the cell, allowing for chemical reactions and signaling processes to occur. Within the cytoplasm, various organelles are suspended, each with distinct roles and functions. One of the most well-known organelles is the mitochondrion, often referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell." Mitochondria are responsible for generating Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, mitochondria are involved in calcium storage, cell signaling, and apoptosis, highlighting their multifaceted nature.

The field of cytopathology relies heavily on the expertise and meticulous examination of cellular samples. To aid in the screening and analysis of these samples, cytopathologists often utilize advanced technologies and tools, one of which is an assistant known as the "Cytopathologist's Eye." The Cytopathologist's Eye refers to computer-assisted screening systems that assist cytopathologists in reviewing and analyzing cellular specimens. These systems leverage image analysis algorithms and artificial intelligence to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of cell screening processes. They serve as valuable tools in the field, supporting cytopathologists in their diagnostic endeavors. The primary purpose of the Cytopathologist's Eye assistant is to assist in the initial screening of cellular samples, such as Pap smears or fine needle aspirations. These systems are capable of scanning and analyzing digital images of cells, identifying and flagging abnormal or potentially suspicious cells for further review by the cytopathologist. By automating the initial screening process, the assistant helps streamline workflow and optimize the cytopathologist's time.

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) is a minimally invasive procedure that is commonly used in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains various structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, lymph nodes, and other organs. Mediastinal lesions can include tumors, cysts, lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes), and other abnormal growths. FNAB involves inserting a thin needle into the mediastinal lesion to collect a small sample of cells or tissue for examination under a microscope. This procedure can be performed with the guidance of imaging techniques such as ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT), or Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) to precisely target the lesion. FNAB provides an accurate diagnosis in a significant number of cases. It allows for the evaluation of the cellular composition of the lesion, which helps differentiate between benign and malignant conditions. The examination of the obtained cells or tissue by a pathologist can determine the presence of cancer, infection, inflammation, or other pathological processes.