Journal of Cytology & Histology

The present investigation was carried out on twenty eight mature male albino rats from laboratory animal unite in the faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. The rats were divided into four equally groups; I, II, III and IV of seven rats for each. Group I and II are control groups but the group I was kept in normal day condition and group II was kept in 12 hours Light / 12 hours dark cycle during the period of experiment without exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF), at constant temperature about 25°C. Group III was exposed to 50 Hz, 1 Gauss electromagnetic field (EMF) consciously for 21 days. Group IV was kept for 48 days post the end of the exposure period; 21 days and then complete to 48 days without exposure to MF for studying the delayed effects of MF exposure (reversibility or irreversibility). At the end of experiment, all groups were scarified by cervical dislocation and the liver, testis and kidneys were separated immediately and small pieces from them were taken, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed till paraffin sections and stained histologically with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HandE) and Green Masson’s Trichrome. Groups I, II showed normal histological structure of liver, testis and kidney without any abnormalities. Group III showed severe pathological lesions in the liver, testis and kidney. Regarding group IV, the histological examination of all organs showed the same normal histological structure as that in the control groups (I, II).

Introduction: Pituitary tumors are common in general population, but the study of these tumors confronts some restrictions, including the inaccessibility of the gland for biopsy material. It has also been described that lymphocytic infiltration can be found adjacent to pituitary adenomas.
Objective: This article was conceived to collect some information to describe the involvement of immune system on pituitary tumors microenvironment and also to shed light to molecular mechanisms implicated on the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Methods: A search of the literature was done in Medline database between 1990 and 2014, using the search terms immune system and pituitary tumors. A review of 88 papers was performed including articles published mainly in English-language and with free access to full paper. The most recent references were used whenever possible.
Results: Cell-mediated immunity appears to be predictive of a less favorable clinical outcome. Also sera antipituitary antibodies can be obtained from patients with those tumors. Low sensitivity of individual autoantibodies makes them, at present, a poor diagnostic marker for clinical purposes.
Conclusions: Nonetheless, tumors infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and anti-pituitary antibodies (APA) still make part of a promising calling for diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors; new approaches to further understanding of immune response enrollment on pituitary tumor microenvironment are still needed.

Objective: Pituitary homeobox-2 (PITX2), a member of the bicoid/paired-like homeobox gene family, plays an important role in determining left-right asymmetry in vertebrates and development of multiple organs by serving as a downstream effector of Nodal, TGFβ, and Wnt signaling pathway. PITX2, lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF-1) and beta-catenin are required for the inductive formation of several epithelial-derived organs, including teeth, which remains unclear interaction Wnt signal pathway in the development of ovarian epithelial tumors. Research PITX2, LEF-1 and beta-catenin direct interactions may provide new mechanisms for epithelial ovarian cancer.
Materials and methods: 1. Using immunohistochemical (IHC), real-time quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR), Western blot to analyse the expression of PITX2, LEF-1, β-catenin in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. 2. Using Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the expression of PITX2 in serum of epithelial ovarian cancer. 3. Using MTT to investigate cell’s proliferation and migration.
Results: 1. The protein and mRNA in PITX2, LEF-1, β-catenin frequently overexpress in ovarian cancer samples and cell lines. Low or no expression in benign ovarian tumors and normal ovarian samples (p<0.05). 2. The preoperative serum levels of PITX2 in ovarian cancer groups was higher than benign ovarian tumors and normal ovarian samples (p<0.05), and the levels of PITX2 in preoperative serum in ovarian cancer groups were significantly higher than the postoperative groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: PITX2 is involved in the occurrence and development of epithelial ovarian cancer, and PITX2 may act as a downstream target genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin. The high expression of PITX2 protein in the serum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, suggesting that PITX2 may serve as a good indicator of early diagnosis and evaluation of disease progression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background and aim: Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE) has been successfully used to appreciate microcirculation changes of the digestive mucosa. Our aim was to evaluate CLE scanning complemented by functional capillary density area (FCD-A) estimation to define the micro-vessel status in a reiterate, long-lasting porcine model of bowel ischemia.
Materials and methods: A laparotomy was performed in 4 pigs, and a segmental (3–4 cm) ischemia of the sigmoid colon was induced with vascular clamps. Ischemic and perfused regions were clinically defined. After an injection of 5 ml of sodium fluorescein 10% (Fluocyne, SERB, Paris, France), the Cellvizio™ confocal probe (Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, France) was directly applied onto the mucosa’s surface through a full-thickness enterotomy. Both ischemic area (IA) and control region-perfused area (PA) – were scanned and video sequences were recorded.
Results: Confocal evaluation of the ischemic area revealed a different aspect of the mucosal tissue when compared to the normal perfused area. Statistically, FCD-A at the perfused area was significantly higher when compared to the ischemic area, irrespective of the time point. After 1 hour, FCD-A was (0.189 ± 0.094 vs. 0.365 ± 0.030; p=0.0001), after 2 hours (0.252 ± 0.056 vs. 0.389 ± 0.024; p<0.0001), after 3 hours (0.252 ± 0.050 vs. 0.353 ± 0.030; p=0.0001) and after 4 hours (0.262 ± 0.044 vs. 0.358 ± 0.019; p<0.0001), at ischemic and perfused areas respectively.
Conclusions: Confocal imaging allows real-time discrimination between perfused and ischemic areas of the bowel using morphological clues, while the functional capillary density area adds a quantitative measurement.

Background and objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is well-known as the etiological agent for uterine cervical cancer or carcinoma of the oropharynx, anus and vulva. However, the cytopathologic effect of the HPV infection in urinary bladder tumors has rarely been reported. The present study has been carried out to search for cytopathologic differences between HPV positive and negative cases with urothelial carcinoma.
Methods: We examined 91 specimens from 63 patients who underwent transurethral resection or biopsy for papillary urothelial carcinomas between May 2010 and September 2012. p-16INK4a expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Detection of HPV DNA was carried out by in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue sections. Urine smears were compared cytomorphologically between HPV-positive and HPVnegative cases.
Results: p-16INK4a overexpression was detected in 29 cases (31.9%, 29/91). Of them, HPV DNA was detected in 11 cases. No significant cytopathologic differences were found in tumor cells when HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases were compared.
Conclusion: HPV could be detected in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder. There were no significant differences in cytopathologic features of urine smears between HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases with urothelial carcinomas. These results suggest that HPV infection in urinary tract does not add substantial clinically relevant importance to the carcinogenesis and cytomorphology of urothelial carcinomas.

Endometriosis is ectopic presence of endometrial glands surrounded by endometrial stroma. Polypoidal endometriosis is a recently described entity which mimics neoplastic growth. Grossly and microscopically, polypoidal endometriosis can mimic benign and malignant tumors like adenofibroma, adenomyoma, low-grade stromal sarcoma, endometrial carcinoma and adenosarcoma. We report this case of polypoidal endometriosis of vagina which clinically mimicked an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. We present this case due to its rarity and to consider this entity as one of the possibilities of vaginal growths.

Pancreatoblastoma (PB) is among the most frequent pancreatic tumor in childhood, but exceedingly rare in adults. The prognosis of PB in adults is very poor with a mean survival time of 10 months. The case describes a 36-year-old woman with a painful palpable tumor in the upper part of the abdomen. The complete resection of the tumor confirmed a 14 cm well-circumscribed tumor with heterogeneous morphological appearance with three main components – neuroendocrine, acinar and squamous. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features proved to be consistent with PB. The patient did not receive any adjuvant chemotherapy. Seventy-two months later a bulky relapsing abdominal tumor was discovered. The histology revealed undifferentiated tumor with solid sheets of medium large atypical cells, areas of tumor necrosis and high mitotic index. Despite the different morphology in the relapse, neuroendocrine differentiation was documented with immunohistochemistry. The case presents a rare malignant tumor of the exocrine pancreas in adult patient. The discussion focuses on the characteristic macroscopic and histological characteristics, immunohistochemical profile and molecular genetics, considering a list of common differential diagnostic entities. This study underlines the importance of recognizing the pancreatoblastoma as a malignant tumor in non-paediatric group in which surgical resection is the best choice of treatment, associated with long-term survival.

Background: This study aimed at investigating the possible role of exercise training in activating the migration of CD34 positive progenitor cells in a rat model of induced ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of limb skeletal muscle and related regeneration potential.
Material and methods: 28 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: group I: control group; group II: IRI with 2 hours ischemia and 2 hours reperfusion, followed by immediate sacrifice (subgroup IIa) or delayed sacrifice after two weeks (subgroup IIb); group III: exercise in the form of group and gradual swimming for 4 weeks, followed by IRI and immediate sacrifice (subgroup IIIa), or delayed sacrifice (subgroup IIIb). Muscle performance was evaluated by physiological tests. Histological study was done using H&E staining, and immunohistochemical staining using anti αSMA and anti CD34. Areas of regenerating fibers, area of αSMA and area percentage of CD34 were measured. Statistical analysis was performed.
Results: IRI group showed severe muscle damage in IIa in the form of wavy, disrupted darkly acidophilic fibers, many dark nuclei, and extravasated blood. There was some improvement in IIb in the form of regenerating fibres with central nuclei and increased αSMA and CD34 immunostaining. Group III showed better preservation of muscle fibers in IIIa. It also showed significant increase in area of regenerating fibers and statistically significant increase in area of αSMA and CD34 and in physiological parameters in IIIb as compared to group II.
Conclusion: Exercise training prior to skeletal muscle IRI markedly improved muscle outcome through preservation and regeneration. Two populations of skeletal muscle stem cells, namely progenitor cells and satellite cells were involved in the process.

The present work was carried out on 20 specimens of both sexes of Nile catfish in order to observe the morphological and histological as well as the fine structure of fundic gland region of the stomach. The present study demonstrated the presence of folded mucosa in the fundic region of the stomach and its surface epithelium was lined by simple columnar mucosecretory cells. The lamina propria contained simple tubular branched glands. The fundic glands were made up of oxyntico-peptic cells. The glandular cells were positive to PAS and negative to Alcian blue and showed strong positive activity for acid phosphatase. The electron microscopic examination revealed that the oxyntico-peptic cells contained a dense tubulovesicular system that may participate in hydrochloric acid production, in addition to the extensive presence of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex is involved in the formation of secretory or zymogen granules. Oval to round- shaped enteroendocrine cells were scattered among the glandular and superficial columnar cells, which stained positive to Grimelius stain. The glands were surrounded by collagenous fibers and smooth muscle fibers

The effective dose Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) was administered orally to neonatally streptozotocin-induced non-obese type 2 diabetic rats for 28 days and fasting glucose, serum insulin and β-cell function were measured after the treatment periods. Pancreatic β- and α-cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and β-cells number was evaluated by morphometric analysis. GS extract showed antidiabetic activity through improving serum insulin and β-cell function. The β-cells number was increased significantly in the GS-treated diabetic rats. The immunohistochemal data revealed presence of few newly formed insulin positive β-cells in the GS-treated diabetic islets. This is the direct immunohistochemal evidence of β-cells regeneration and/ or neoformation in pancreatic islets by GS extract. Cluster of β-cells without any α-cells were appeared in GS-treated diabetic rats, not in STZ-induced diabetic control rats, suggesting β-cells regeneration in GS-treated pancreas rather than stem-cell induced growth.

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (SIL), frank cervical cancer and different STDs in 503 women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Study design: Cytological evolution of cervical smears was carried out in 503 women attending Gynae Outpatient Department of Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow India, between October 2009 and June 2014 who were diagnosed with PID and also during Rural Cervical Cancer Screening in Malihabad and Kakori Block of Lucknow District between May 2013 to April 2015.
Results: The cervical cytology in 503 women with PID showed alarmingly high rate of SIL (144- cases -28.6%) though 134 of them were of low grade. No case of carcinoma cervix was seen. The incidence of Candida albicans was 4.3% in these women and only 2 cases of Trichomonal infection were seen. The incidence of SIL was maximum in younger, sexually active women between 21-30 years after which it declined.
Conclusion: The study revealed a very high incidence of SIL associated with PID. As majority of the women screened were from rural areas, it appears that poor hygiene and persistent infection has led to the high incidence of SIL. Hence urgent need is felt in organizing cytological screening programme in rural region of the country to screen specially the symptomatic women to detect any early onset of cervical precancer, the subsequent treatment of which would check any progression of the disease to malignancy.

Bilateral chylothorax as a complication of neck dissection is very rare with only 29 cases reported in the English literature. We present our case and review the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical features and management.

Xanthogranuloma is one of the 2 disorders of non-Langerhan cell histocytoses. It is a benign tumor histologically characterized by foamy histiocytes, numerous Touton giant cells and rare eosinophils. The histology differs from Langerhan cell histocytosis disorders in which convoluted histocytes, numerous eosinophils and rare Touton cells are seen. Grossly, the lesion appears as golden yellow papules or nodules. Electron microscope characteristics include presence of cytoplasmic lipid. The etio-pathogenesis is not fully understood, however granulomatous reaction of histiocytes to an unknown stimulus is postulated. Here, we discuss a rare presentation of peritoneal xanthogranulomatoses in a patient caused due to postoperative bile leak.

The present investigation was carried out on thirty six mature Westar rats from laboratory animal unit in the faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. The animals were divided into six groups of six animals for each. Group I was considered as a control group. Group II was treated with tartrazine only in a dose 500 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for 30 day. Group III was treated with the same dose of tartrazine with 300 mg/kg body weight Royal jelly. Group IV was treated with tartrazine and Code liver oil in a dose 0.4 mg/kg body weight. While the last two groups, V and VI were treated with Code liver oil and Royal jelly separately by the above mentioned doses for 30 days. At the end of experiment, cervical dislocation of rats and for the histological studies, the liver, kidney, testis and brain tissues in addition to stomach were separated and small pieces from them were taken, fixed in neutral buffered formalin 10%, dehydrated, cleared and processed for paraffin blocks and 5 micron sections were obtained, mounted on a glass slides and stained histologically with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Blue Masson’s Trichrome. Groups I, V, VI showed normal histological structure of all selected tissues without any abnormalities. Group II showed severe steatosis, diffuse degeneration, necrosis of hepatic tissues, fibrous tissue proliferation with anti-inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal areas and moderate disorganization of hepatic cords. Furthermore, hyperplasia of the interstitial connective tissue and Leydig cells with marked vacuolations were recognized. Moreover, slightly vacuolations in brain tissues were recognized specially within the white matter as well as degenerative changes in stomach mucosa. And also, hyaline degeneration in renal tubules and vacuolations of glomeruli were observed. The present investigation concluded that the serious effect of tartrazine toxicity was more pronounced in liver then kidney, stomach, testis and brain tissues respectively. Moreover, the curative protective effect of both royal jelly and cod liver oil are non-significant against tartrazine toxicity.