Journal of Cytology & Histology

Background: It is difficult to find microscopic studies that can demonstrate the effect of combined administration of nicotine and caffeine on the mucosa of the rat urinary bladder. Aim of work: So, the current study aimed at demonstration of histological and p53 immuno-histochemical expression of the mucosa of rat urinary bladder as a marker sharing in process of apoptosis following the combined administration of nicotine and caffeine. Materials and methods: The animals were divided randomly into 4 groups: control, Nicotine, caffeine and combined Nicotine and Caffeine. The urinary bladder was processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, histochemically by PAS and immunohistochemically by Anti p53 antibodies. Results: After nicotine there was apparent increase in the layers of epithelium with intraepithelial lymphocytes. The strong PAS positive reaction of the basal layer together with P53 positive expression of few lamina propria cells was evident. After caffeine, the epithelial layers and mononuclear cells of the lamina propria were increased. There was a marked decrease in the PAS positive reacting cells of the superficial cell layer. The groups that have administered combine caffeine and nicotine; there were focal areas of epithelial erosion with proliferating basal layers. There was a strong PAS positive reaction under the basal layer and p53 positive expression of many lamina propria cells. Conclusion: The present study had concluded that the chronic administration of combined nicotine and caffeine could result in epithelial hyperplasia associated with positive P53 expression in nuclei of lamina propria cells of the urinary bladder mucosa.

Background: As the different parts of the alimentary canal, the esophagus is an important part of it, because it facilitate the passage of food material to the stomach. The purpose of this study was to compare the structure of the esophageal wall of rabbit before weaning (lactating) and after weaning (young and adult) to determine the structural changes that accompany the changes of the feeding pattern from lactating to adult. Result: we collected fifteen rabbit. Five animals were randomly choised from each stage (young after weaning, young before weaning and adult). Esophagus were removed after anesthesia, processed and examined on light electron microscope. Histologically, the esophageal wall of Oryctolagus cunniculus composed of the four layers as any other mammals. mucosa with stratified non keratinized squamous epithelium was observed and it give strong reaction with (PAS) in adult rabbit while in lactating ones it give negative reaction and moderate reaction in young rabbits. Muscularis mucosa layer was absent in lactating rabbit. Conclusion: From these studies, we observed some differences than other mammals may be related to the physiological pattern and behavior of feeding.

Three cases with different forms of major depression and different pharmacological antidepressant treatments are presented. In the first case report, citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, improved transient depressive symptoms in a professionally busy man who recovers from the depressive symptoms and solves the social problems in his team. In the second case report showing a severe form of major depression and a suicide attempt, the tricyclic antidepressant drug doxepin failed to improve depressive symptoms. The selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine partly improved depressive symptoms. Lithium carbonate, a prophylactic drug, which shows antidepressant and antimanic effects, treated depressive symptoms successfully. The cardiac and renal adverse effects were controlled. In the third case report, citalopram was used to treat the chronic form of major depression; however the adverse effects such as sedating and drive-reducing effects and the weight gain were disturbing for the patient. The administration of the selective dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor bupropion ameliorated depressive symptoms and sleepiness, however caused hypertension and insomnia. Due to this changed medication, the patient succeeded in coping with a stressful life event, an anti-cancer therapy.

Introduction: Nicotine (NIC), the chief alkaloid in tobacco, believed to be an active agent responsible for lungassociated diseases. This protocol targeted to analyze the ameliorating effect of agmatine (AG) on NIC induced lung damage. Mateiral and methods: Forty-five adult male rats were divided into: Control group received intraperitoneal (IP) injection of distilled water, 2) NIC group recieved NIC (10 mg/kg/day) IP and 3) (NIC+AG) group treated by AG (10 mg/kg/day) orally+NIC (10 mg/kg/day) by IP injection for 9 weeks. Total serum protein, triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM- 1) were estimated. Lung specimens were prepared and stained with H&E, Masson trichrome and immunehistochemical stains for assessment of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and Bax. Morphometric study followed by statistical analysis were done. Results: NIC group showed elevation in serum levels of total protein, TC, LDL-C, TGs, MDA and VCAM-1 with evident diminishing in the serum levels of HDL-C, SOD, and GSH. Apoptosis and damage of alveolar epithelium and bronchiolar cells, marked fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltrate and congestion of blood vessels were observed. Marked increase in the mean alveolar wall thickness, mean area% of collagen fibers deposition, mean area% of TGFβ1 immuno-expression and mean number of Bax immune positive cells while a decrease in the mean linear intercept were detected. AG co-administered with nicotine ameliorated these biochemical, histopathological and morphometric changes. Conclusion: AG ameliorates NIC induced lung damage in rats through improving the biochemical parameters and by decreasing TGF-ß1 and Bax immunoexpression.

Background: plants are composed of bioactive chemicals some of which may be toxic. Therefore, scientists advocate for toxicological studies to be carried out in order to ensure the safety of drugs. Accordingly, this study was aimed to assess the possible toxic effects of Eucalyptus glubulus essential oil- water emulsion after oral administration in mice. Methods: The essential oil used in this study was obtained by extraction of the fresh leaves of E. glubulus through hydro-distillation technique. In the acute toxicity study, the mice placed in the seven treatment groups were administered with randomly selected 0.5 ml/kg initial dose up to 3.5 ml/kg body weight spaced by 0.5 ml/kg. The control animals received vehicle. All animals were gavaged the designated dose once and observed for the next two weeks. In the sub-chronic study, a control and two treatment groups, each containing twelve animals were used. Based on the findings of acute toxicity study, the two treatment groups were received 1.5 and 2.0 ml/kg body weight test doses respectively for three months in 24 hours interval. At the end study period, blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture and then, all animals were sacrificed and the vital organs were collected and processed for histopathological examination. Results: In the acute toxicity study, some toxicity signs and deaths of mice were recorded only at doses higher than 2.0 ml/kg body weight. 1 out of 6 mice in a group treated with 3.0 ml/kg and, 4 out of 6 animals in a group treated with 3.5 ml/kg body weight test doses of the emulsion were died following the administration. Therefore, the oral route LD50 of the emulsion falls between 3 ml/kg and 3.5 ml/kg. In the sub-chronic treatment, no death was recorded, and there was no statistically significant (p>0.05) change in the body weight, evaluated hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. However, minor pathological changes like; pyknosis and vacuolations of hepatocytes in some liver sections, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations and hyaline casts in renal tubules of some kidney sections, were observed in mice treated with 2.0 ml/kg body weight test dose. Conclusions and recommendations: The emulsion at relatively lower doses does not produce obvious toxic effects after acute and prolonged oral administration in mice. However, further investigation is needed to confirm this.

A healthy 52-year-old phototype II woman, farmer, with a 6 months history of asymptomatic slow growing papules and nodules, first at the upper lip, then extended to the forearms, shoulders, legs and back.

Basic research and with important findings for the diagnosis and therapy of different diseases seen in clinical medicine, In the research article: Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Induced Acute Renal Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats by Abd Elwahab et al. the authors induced acute renal failure in rats by clamping the renal pedicles for 40 min. T

Background: Core needle biopsy (CNB) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are useful methods to diagnose cystic lesions of the breast. The first English article describing the returned cell block method (RCBM: cell block from a Papanicolaou staining smear on a glass slide) was reported by us, and we also reported the usefulness of RCBM for the FNAC-based evaluation of tumors of the breast. In the present study, diagnostic procedures of CNB and FNAC using RCBM for cystic lesions of the breast were studied. Methods: Forty-seven patients with cystic lesions of the breast diagnosed by sonographic examination and sonographically-guided FNAC were evaluated. In all cases, the evaluation of FNAC was performed by Papanicolaou staining smears, and RCBM was added in cases that were difficult to evaluate. The data from CNB (26 cases) and surgery (15 cases) were also evaluated. Results: The accuracy of diagnosing carcinoma of FNAC from Papanicolaou staining smear was 56.2%. The diagnostic accuracy increased to 75% on using RCBM, and the same level of accuracy was found on CNB. In 4 cases, a diagnosis of carcinoma was made by CNB only (2 cases) or FNAC using RCBM only (2 cases). Subsequently, the accuracy increased to 87.5% due to the combination of CNB and FNAC using RCBM. Conclusions: Combined CNB and FNAC using RCBM is effective for the diagnosis of cystic lesions of the breast. Based on this new finding, we propose a procedure to diagnose cystic lesions of the breast by CNB and FNAC using RCBM.