Journal of Clinical Research

Ionospheres have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry for a long time. However, toxicity with significant clinical symptoms can result from misuse of ionospheres. Administration dose, species and animal age are the most important determinants of gonophores toxicity. Although clinical symptoms of ionosphere intoxication have been extensively studied, the molecular toxicity mechanisms of gonophores remain poorly understood. The clinical and molecular toxicity mechanisms of polyether gonophores in animals studied in this review are summarized. Ionosphere toxicity is most likely to affect myocardial and skeletal muscle cells, according to studies. The deregulation of ion concentration, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, may provide an explanation for the oxidation’s molecular mechanism. The synergistic effect of tiamulin on ionosphere biotransformation and the interaction between tiamulin and ionosphere are discussed. In addition, gonophores have recently been considered for repurposing as antibacterial and cancer drugs. Ionospheres are molecules that dissolve in lipids and carry particular cataions across biological membranes.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Despite advances in the treatment of other cancers, pancreatic cancer remains a difficult disease to treat due to its aggressive nature and late diagnosis. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of epigenetics in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Epigenetics refers to modifications of DNA and histones that regulate gene expression without altering the underlying genetic code. Alterations in epigenetic regulators can lead to aberrant gene expression, resulting in the development and progression of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, several epigenetic regulators have been found to be deregulated, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs.