Cancer Science & Therapy

Breast Cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge, with early detection playing a crucial role in improving survival rates. Traditional detection methods such as mammography, MRI, and biopsies have limitations that impact the timely diagnosis of early-stage BC. This review focuses on the potential of liquid biopsies, specifically Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, as a non-invasive alternative for early breast cancer detection. Liquid biopsies offer advantages in terms of non-invasiveness and the ability to be repeated over time, providing valuable insights into tumor genetics. However, current ctDNA assays face challenges, particularly in detecting early-stage cancers due to low ctDNA levels. The review examines recent advancements in ctDNA research, including the role of key genetic mutations and copy number alterations, and highlights the need for improved assay sensitivity and specificity. It also explores the promise of tumor-informed approaches, despite their higher costs and longer development times. The integration of ctDNA analysis into clinical practice holds potential for enhancing early detection and personalizing treatment, with implications extending to other malignancies as well. Continued research and technological innovations are essential to overcoming current limitations and advancing the field of cancer detection and treatment.

Multi-centric gliomas, characterized by tumors located in different brain lobes and hemispheres, makes significant treatment challenges and lead to poor patient outcomes. This study explores the use of Multi-modal Sensory Stimulation (MSS) in the rehabilitation of patients with these complex tumors. Due to the dispersed nature of the gliomas, traditional treatments often struggle to effectively target the affected areas, resulting in limited success. MSS showed promising results by improving altered sensorium, a common issue in patients with multi-centric gliomas. The integration of coma stimulation programs into rehabilitation protocols led to notable cognitive and functional recovery. This study suggests that MSS can provide a valuable rehabilitative approach, potentially improving the quality of life and prognosis for patients with multi-centric gliomas. As traditional treatments continue to face challenges, innovative approaches like MSS offer new hope for enhancing patient outcomes.

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by multiple colorectal polyps with a high potential to develop colorectal cancer. FAP has diverse extracolonic manifestations including adrenal masses. The prevalence of Adrenal Incidentalomas (AI) in FAP patients is 13%, 97% of which are benign. Adrenocortical carcinoma as an AI in FAP patients is very rare and limited to few case reports in the literature. We are reporting a rare case of a young male who was referred to urology for a large adrenal mass, and underwent adrenalectomy and the reported pathology was adrenocortical carcinoma.

Objective: breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Its curative treatment is based on mastectomy, which can be radical or by quadrants. Surgery is done with Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND) in the radical or Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection (SLND) in the condom. In this sense, this article evaluates the displacement of surgery with positive sentinel in patients with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) and radiotherapy compared to standard or radical treatment. Methods: this is a retrospective study based on the analysis of the medical records of Hospital São Vicente de Paulo (HSVP) in Guarapuava-PR from 2011 to 2020. Patients with early stage breast cancer, with maximum stage IIIA, were selected. quadrantectomy, NAC and positive sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Results: The results showed recurrence in 2 patients in the control group (7%) and in one patient in the study group (17%) which resulted in subsequent death.

Conclusion: Although this research was small, some subjective results were identified, as is the case of patients with standard breast cancer treatment, in the intermediate stage, post-menopause and positive lymph nodes in the biopsy, who demonstrated a better response to treatment when compared to with other patients. . In addition, young patients had a worse response compared to others. However, more comprehensive studies with longer follow-up are needed to draw meaningful conclusions.

Cancer, a formidable adversary in the realm of medicine, often reveals its presence through subtle molecular clues within the body. These clues, known as tumor biomarkers, serve as invaluable signposts in the intricate journey of cancer detection. Tumor biomarkers are molecules, such as proteins, genes, or hormones, which are produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. They play a pivotal role in early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer, guiding healthcare professionals and patients through the challenging terrain of cancer diagnosis and treatment.

This comprehensive overview explores the recent advancements in targeted cancer therapies, a groundbreaking approach in the fight against cancer. Targeted therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment by specifically targeting cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects. The article covers various types of targeted therapies, including small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapies, highlighting their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Challenges, such as resistance and accessibility, are discussed, along with the role of precision medicine, biomarkers, and combination therapies. The article also delves into the evolving regulatory landscape, patient-centric approaches, and future directions in the field. As cancer research continues to progress, this comprehensive overview provides insights into the transformative potential of targeted cancer therapies.

Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in the field of medicine, affecting millions of lives globally. Traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have made significant strides, but the quest for more effective and targeted therapies continues. In recent years, cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising avenue in the battle against cancer, leveraging the body's immune system to prevent and treat this complex disease. This article delves into the fascinating world of cancer vaccines, exploring their mechanisms, current developments, challenges, and the potential they hold for revolutionizing cancer care.

Differentiating Seborrheic Keratosis (SK) from melanoma can be difficult based on visual observations and dermoscopy since both are pigmented
lesions. While SK is considered a benign lesion that is localized, in contrast melanoma can spread to other tissues and lead to death if it
metastasizes. Therefore, it is important to be able to noninvasively differentiate between SK and melanoma to limit the number of unnecessary
biopsies performed. We have measured the pixel intensity of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images of normal skin, SK, and melanoma
by breaking OCT images into low (green), medium (blue) and high (red) pixel intensity vs. depth images. Normal skin and SK are characterized
by higher green scale pixel intensity vs. depth plots while melanoma has a lower green scale pixel intensity vs. depth plot. Melanoma also
has lower red scale pixel intensity vs. depth plot compared to SK and normal skin. Our results show that a decreased pixel intensity of the
superficial epidermis that is observed in melanomas is likely due to formation of melanin aggregates that approach the wavelength of light in
size. The decreased pixel intensity of melanoma is likely a result of increased amounts of melanin particles in melanocytes and keratinocytes.
The specificity and sensitivity of differentiating SK and melanoma and normal skin from melanoma based on quantitative pixel intensity vs. depth
are about 85% to 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of differentiating normal skin from SK is 60% and 100%, respectively. These
results suggest that color-coded OCT images can be used to noninvasively screen for melanomas along with dermoscopy and visual inspection.
The ability to collect OCT lesion data noninvasively in concert with remote data acquisition will allow rapid patient screening for melanomas in
areas where dermatologist visits are difficult to schedule.

There are many genes that have been explored in relation with cancer. But 50 percent of cancers occur due to mutation in P53. In the beginning, there was a thought that P53 act as an oncogenic protein instead of suppressing cancers. Now we have reached on conclusion that mutant P53 instead of wild type, act as an oncogenic protein. Through research carried out in the past, it has been concluded that gain of function mutation in the P53 has early onset of cancer as compared to mutant P53 with loss of function. A number of hotspots for mutation in P53 such as R175, G245, R248, R249, R273 and R282 have been identified in the past. Mutant P53 interact and inhibit proteins normal functioning such as p63, MRE11, Rad51-NSB complex, p73 and Sp-1. Mutant P53 also lead to enhance functioning of protein such as SREBP, NF-Y, VDR, ETS2 and NRF2. For proper folding of wild type P53 Zn+2 is necessary. There are microRNAs which are under the control of mutant P53. Mostly, PRIMA-1 analog has been used to reactivate the mutant P53 to wild type.