Journal of Diabetic Complications & Medicine

One of the major chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can cause a variety of serious complications and is on the rise worldwide. Wnt ligands (Wnts) and the Wnt signaling pathways that activate Wnts are tightly regulated in a number of processes that are crucial to the onset and progression of T2DM and its complications. Due to the many Wnt family members and the conflicting effects of activating the canonical and/ or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, our understanding of their roles in these diseases is, however, very basic.

The morphology of fungi in the Zoopagaceae and Cochlonemataceae (Zoopagales, Zoopagomycotina,Zygomycota) is reviewed, and some new ultrastructural information on conidia and zygospores, as well as haustoria and vegetative thalli in the former, is added. In ultrathin sections, the cell wall of Acaulopage dichotoma, Ac. tetraceros, Stylopage cephalote, Zoophagus insidians, and Zph. tentaclum (Zoopagaceae), as well as Cochlonema odontosperma and Endocochlus gigas, is known to be composed of outer electron-dense and inner less dense layers, and no additional cell walls were found Although two nuclei were discovered in the zygosporangium before maturation to the zygospore in Acaulopage rhaphidospora, more than one nucleus had never been observed in an ultrathin section of a zygospore in either of these families.

Diabetes complications are a major public health issue that has a significant financial impact. As a result, the length and quality of a patient's life will improve, as will the financial costs of their treatment, if complications are identified and prevented early. The purpose of this article is to examine the most recent cutting-edge biophotonics technologies used to identify diabetes mellitus complications and evaluate the efficacy of their treatment. Capillaroscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry and hyperspectral imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, optical coherence tomography, optoacoustic imaging, and confocal microscopy are among the technologies used to evaluate the structural and functional properties of biological tissues.