Entrepreneurship & Organization Management

In order to lower the cost of their core business, airline companies must use a hedging strategy to stabilise the price of fuel. In this study, we build models for controlling the risk associated with the hedging strategy. First, we quantify the risk associated with a company's hedging strategy using conditional value at risk (CVaR). CVaR satisfies subadditivity, positive homogeneity, monotonicity, and transfer invariance when compared to the value at risk (VaR). CVaR is a reliable way to quantify risk as a result. Second, to create a Markov Switching-GARCH, time-varying state transition probability is added to our model (MS-GARCH). The dynamic changes in market state are taken into account by MS-GARCH, a feature that has clear advantages over the conventional constant state model. Furthermore, we apply a Markov chain Monte Carlo an approach based on Gibbs sampling to estimate the MS-parameters. GARCH's To apply and assess our approach, we use fuel oil futures data from the Shanghai Futures Stock Exchange. In this study, we empirically evaluate the risk associated with the hedging approach used by airlines and come to the conclusion that our model is clearly successful in terms of hedging risk management, a use that has some guiding relevance for reality.

To the development of organisations, the issue of calculating the cost of equity is essential. It is a crucial tool for figuring out value production. For assessing the cost of equity, a number of models have been presented in the financial literature, such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). This paradigm, however, is only applicable to publicly traded businesses; it is inapplicable to privately held businesses. Alternative measurements of the cost of equity have arisen to address this issue, including accounting beta. This study's major goal was to examine the correlation between market beta and accounting beta, which was computed using ROA, ROE, and net income, in order to show how accounting beta may be used to gauge risk for privately held businesses. This study was conducted using information from a Selection of 49 firms that were listed between 2015 and 2019 on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were empirically tested using panel data econometrics. The findings demonstrate that calculating accounting beta using ROA and ROE well approximates market beta and provides a workable method for estimating the cost of equity for unlisted companies. The study's findings add to the body of knowledge on the cost of capital by highlighting the importance of accounting beta in calculating the cost of equity and, consequently, the creation of value for the business.

The study assessed the challenges facing Zanzibar revenue board and its effect on employee engagement. The study attempted to explore the challenges facing the Zanzibar revenue board and how it affects the employees engagement. The study employed a survey design by questionnaire and interview to collect data from 50 employees of Zanzibar revenue board sampled from 138 workers as per Zanzibar revenue board employee register book by 2022.

Non probability sampling method by convenient technique was used to prepare the sample of 50 respondents because the nature of the respondents work does not allow them to stay in office thus to save time the respondent interviewed workers who fited within the convenience of the researchers schedule as advised by Glaswell. Data used in this study were collected through questionnaires and interview methods aimed at cross validating data sets from the two instruments so as to increase its accuracy as proposed by Glaswell.

The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and its finding presented in the form of figures and descriptive. The analysis simultaneously focused on the data collected by questionnaires and interviews. The study findings indicated that, the challenges facing the Zanzibar revenue board includes: Lack clarity on job related goals, inability in translating feedback into actionable insights, inability to measure relevant feedback, lack of creation of an effective mix of data based strategies, and terrible work life balance.

The study also found that the challenges have notable effects on employees engagement however the nature of the effect varies from one challenge to the other.