Journal of Food & Industrial Microbiology

The number of diabetic patients rapidly increased in the world constituting a serious health problem. Daily life alterations such as high-fat high-sugar diet and insufficient physical exercise augment diabetes risk. Long-lasting low-grade inflammatory reactions in obese patients with metabolic syndrome are considered as an important role in the occurrence and advance in the stage of type 2 diabetes. Emerging clinical and experimental evidence reveals that gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier disturbance and following metabolic endotoxemia are firmly related to the low-grade inflammatory, insulin resistance and resultant cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Gut microbiome transmitted from mother to child at birth is deeply affected by dietary habits in life thereafter. In the feces of type 2 diabetics, relatively frequent abundance in endotoxin producing gram-negative bacteria and lower abundance in butyrate-producing bacteria were noted. Butyrate as an important energy source and a protector of intestinal barrier, its defect is considered to enhance intestinal hyperpermeability and metabolic endotoxemia. Inflammation in the adipose tissue induces detrimental effects on other organs and tissues through secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 in immune cells such as macrophages evokes inflammation and insulin resistance, finally leading to an impairment of insulin signal and β-cell failure. Inflammatory changes in the arterial vessels and liver lead to two life-threatening conditions, ischemic heart disease and liver cirrhosis, respectively. Careful management strategies to improve gut dysbiosis may stimulate effective drug treatment and lower the morbidity and mortality of patients who suffers from type 2 diabetes. A kind of biguanide metformin is considered as an anti-inflammatory influence in addition to its glucoregulatory effect. Two newly developed diabetic drugs, Dipeptydil-Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may in combination with reasonable dietary therapy have some undetermined effect on inflammatory changes. This systemic review summarizes the bulk of latest information published until 2021 on the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes, especially related to gut microbial alterations. This manuscript in addition to my previous review includes up-to-date information in diabetes mellitus type 2.

Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-motile rods. Shigellae are transmitted by the direct faecal-oral route. As an outcome, food can possibly be contaminated through the grimy fingers of patients or carriers. The transfer of Shigellae by flies rearing on faecal matter has been laid out as a vital transmission route during outbreaks. Shigella can be found in surface waters and furthermore within contaminated drinking water. Isolation of Shigellae from food sources is a challenge. Isolation and identification of Shigella from food sources by culture needs a few days relying upon the food matrix and storage conditions. Shigella species can be grown out by the resident bacterial species found in food varieties, which might reflect the standard low numbers of the organism present in food varieties. One more factor that decreases the possibility of isolating Shigella from food varieties might be the physiological condition of the microbe at the hour of analysis. Ecological circumstances could influence its capacity to either grow or survive in any food matrix.

Purpose: The effort of this research is to look into the connection amid eatery main qualities, client happiness, guest faithfulness and behavior goals. The significance of guest pleasure in mediating the association among eatery, service quality and interactive purposes is examined.

Design/methodology/approach: The complete model size was 296 individuals, which is adequate to get a good depiction of the comprehensive populace. The embattled example stood obtained using a non-probability sampling technique from customers who frequented five-star restaurants.

Findings: The outcomes specify that indispensable restaurant appearances have a durable auspicious influence on interactive purposes. The relationship between key restaurant elements and customer behaviour intentions is moderately facilitated by customer desire. The findings also reveal that there is a considerable disparity between customer loyalty and key restaurant attributes' importance and performance.

Originality/value: This study fills a gap on guest pleasure and trustworthiness in the food and beverage restaurants in five-star hotels, contributing to a well empathetic of customers' expectations and the key restaurant characteristics that influence guest pleasure and postdining behavior intents, influencing customer faithfulness.

Food provenance and forensics are vital concepts that foster knowledge about where food comes from and carry out investigations to ensure that foodstuffs and food products are safe and quality. This study aims at examining the effect of food provenance and forensics on sustainable food practices. Three main aspects of sustainable food practices, including social impact, environmental impact, and economic impact, were assessed. A survey was created and randomly distributed to 200 people living in Abu Dhabi, out of which 152 responses were successfully completed. Multiple linear regression revealed a significant positive impact of food forensics on society, environment, and economy, while food providence had a significant impact only on society (p ≤ .05). It was also revealed that food forensics positively and significantly affect nutrition and health, workers' rights and safety, carbon footprint reduction, food loss and waste reduction, and jobs/incomes but had a significant negative effect on corporate profits. Food provenance had a significant positive impact on workers' rights and safety only. It was concluded that food forensics is of greater influence to sustainable food practices than food provenance. Food forensics provides a greater opportunity to foster better nutrition and health, promote workers' rights and safety, reduce carbon footprint, reduce food loss and wastes, and facilitate job opportunities.

During the maturation of every B cell and T cell in the body, there exists a process known as VDJ recombination, which acts to instate a drastic change in the cells’ genetic makeup. The purpose of the process is to completely randomize the way the genes are arranged so that the consequential immunoglobulins and T cell receptors can take on wildly different conformations, effectively preparing for the infinite possibilities of invasions that will inevitably occur. Taking only one of each of the numerous V, D, and J segments within a locus, proteins involved in the recombination function to bring said segments adjacent to one another, cleave off their ends, and attach them side by side via extra nucleotides placed in between them. As it is the process solely responsible for the body’s ability to protect and effectively memorize a plethora of different pathogens, antigens, and viruses, VDJ recombination almost single handedly defines the role of the human immune system at large. One feature of great importance in adaptive immunity is the ability to respond to an enormous number of different antigens.

The somatic assembly of the T Cell Receptor (TCR) genes generates a diverse T cell repertoire and is an essential component of the thymocytes development.

Environmental monitoring is the study of microbes which interact with surrounding ambience and monitor them by various method, in which time duration they multiply their progenies. We have monitored microbes in a food industry, as it is our responsibility to provide microbe free food. According to food and drug administration, environmental monitoring and their control is very crucial for every food industries. To evaluate the microorganism in a food industry as well as maintain the very low or negligible growth of microbes in our food by following the good laboratory practice and Cleaning In Place (CIP).

Clostridium botulinum strain Hall is capable of producing a potent botulinum neurotoxin type A1 that causes food-borne, infant, and wound botulism in humans. Antibiotics and botulinum antitoxin are viable options for controlling growth and preventing botulinum intoxication in humans. The limited information on its proteins with unknown functions (operome or hypothetical proteins) hinders the discovery of new drug targets. Therefore, we aimed to apply a combined bioinformatics approach with literature support for the functional prediction, assignment, and validation of its operome. Our functional annotation scheme was based on sequence motifs, conserved domains, structures, protein folds, and evolutionary relationships of its operome. The precise functions of the 521 HPs (293 known) were annotated of which 293 HPs were previously annotated and 228 HPs not annotated from its genome. The newly identified operome contributed to the diverse cellular and metabolic processes of this organism. The function of its operome was involved in amino acid metabolism and botulinum neurotoxin biosynthesis. As a result of this study, 13 new virulence proteins from its operome were identified and characterized for their structure function relationships. The functions of new metabolic and virulence proteins allow this organism to colonize and interact with the human gastrointestinal tract. This study provides a quest for new drugs and targets for the treatment of C. botulinum underlying diseases in humans.