Journal of Forensic Research

Forensic art is a technique of reconstruction using little or no evidence available to solve a certain case. Usually, it is carried out by reconstructing tissues on the skulls for the identification. Forensic art is basically divided into few categories including composite imagery, image modification/identification, demonstrative evidence and reconstruction/post mortem drawing which is then further divided into 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional. The forensic facial sketches include the forensic and composite sketches. The facial reconstruction basically involves five principles including ear location, mouth width, eyeball to orbit relation, nose tip shape, ear length. Initially Welcker facial reconstruction technique was used but later being taken over by 3D computerized facial reconstruction technology. The procedure involves technical phase of reconstruction, then followed by development of features of face of the individual finally the drawing from the skull is used for victim’s identification. 2D has advantages in identification of deceased skeletal remains as well. The 2D images are developed using CARES and FACES software. But a disadvantage includes the depth of the face cannot be determined in 2D. Whereas in 3D reconstruction manual method using clay, wax etc., is done where the depth can also be identified. 3D includes various methods including tissue depth method, anatomical method, British method (combination method), computerized 3D forensic facial reconstruction. But 3D method is only carried out after 2D method. For the checking of the accuracy of these methods face pool, resemblance ratings and morphometric comparison is usually done.

One of the good indicators of social control of power is the way in which contemporary societies deal with transitional justice. The most academic approaches to transitional justice, especially in Brazil, usually does not observe the role played by The Supreme Court in particular, and the judiciary in general. This paper seeks to make a relatively different approach. We observe the regulatory frameworks of the Brazilian authoritarian periods, such as the preamble of the 1937 Brazilian Constitution and the preamble of the Institutional Act n. 1/64, looking at them as they were like the Comic Code Authority, in a comparative approach, and observing, also in a comparative way, the Supreme Court as representative of a kind of “Ring of Gyges”, the mythical famous magical artifact mentioned by Plato in his Republic, in order to allow the “invisibility” of supposed heroes at authoritarian regimes, in a struggle that sought to identify “good guys” and “bad guys”, or the “good” versus “evil” in a context in which normative transitional disputes resemble reports of different narratives, and within which the version matters more than the responsibility for the violation of rights and the human dignity. This paper uses the essay style, through bibliographic review as a method to talk about the theme described in this abstract.

Introduction: The number of repeats of a single microsatellite may be different in different individuals, and this is the basis of their use in genetic fingerprinting. The aim of this study was to investigate of the allelic frequency of 7 autosomal loci in the Kurdish population of Iran.

Materials and Methods: Two fifty hundred men and women non-relatives of living Kurds in Kurdish provinces of Iran were randomly selected for the study of 7 autosomal markers (D16S539, D2S1338, D7S820, D21S11, D18S51, CFSIPO, and D13S317). After molecular analysis, allele’s frequency distributions and other population genetic parameters were done.

Results: The D21S11 and CFSIPO markers had the highest (0.8324) and the lowest (0.7400) polymorphism in the studied population, respectively. All of the 7 autosomal loci studied in Iranian Kurdish population had above 0.7 and 0.6 polymorphism and heterozygosity, respectively.

Conclusion: The degree of differentiation power or PD for 7 autosomal markers was between 0.730 and 0.884, which indicates a high differentiation power for all 7 markers.

Diabetes mellitus remains a clutch of metabolic illnesses using inflated plasma glucose absorption as the foremost indication. It will be affected by a comparative or an aggregate deficiency of insulin which is created through the β-cells. Current trial outcomes designated the significance of the β-cell sequence intended for the enlargement of diabetes. This paper influences the analytical and numerical solutions of the system of nonlinear differential equations based on non-stationary diffusion containing a nonlinear term related to the kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. The Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is expended to discover the analytical expressions of the glucose, Insulin, and β-cell mass respectively. The paradigm and its improvement are presented as well as the aforementioned mathematical investigation with thirteen parameters. Comparative analysis of analytical approximation and numerical simulations are also presented.

Fingerprints have been the constant since the birth of mankind. The cyanoacrylate fuming method, also referred to as the super glue method, is proven to be the most effective tool used by investigators to develop latent fingerprint on non-porous surface such as glass and plastic. This method uses the vapors of superglue to develop latent fingerprints. The method relies on the deposition of polymerized cyanoacrylate ester on residues of latent fingerprints. This method develops clear, stable, white colored fingerprints on glass surface till upto 5th week whereas on plastic surface it was upto 4th week when observed under the temperature ranges between 12?-25? at different time interval.

Diatoms are unique algae. They are scientifically known as Bacillariophyceae. Diatoms have been used in forensic science in a variety of ways, the most frequent being the diagnosis of death by drowning. When a person drowns, water will enter the lungs and then enter the bloodstream through ruptures in the peripheral alveoli before being carried to the other organs such as the liver and heart. Naturally, the microscopic contents of the water, which will include diatoms, will pass into the blood as well. The detection of diatoms in the organs can contribute to a diagnosis of death by drowning, a process referred to as the ‘diatom test’. A study was conducted in the department of Forensic Science, SHUATS, Prayagraj which included the extraction and identification of diatoms from the collected water samples from three different sites of Kaalesar Ghat of Rapti River in Gorakhpur. The acid digestion method was used for diatom extraction. And, after analysis total 13 diatom species were found. The identified diatoms were of great ecological assessment that plays an important role in criminal investigations related to pre-mortem or ante-mortem drowning.

Trace evidence are types evidence evolved when an object comes in contact with a surface (based on Locard’s exchange principle). Locard’s exchange principle states that: Every contact leaves its trace”. Whenever two objects comes in contact there is transfer of substances between them. They are microscopic in nature because it is difficult to detect to our naked eye. These types of evidence are crucial for the investigation and also help in reconstruction of the crime scene. Unusual trace evidence is a unique set of evidence found in the crime scene that will be play an important role in investigation. Trace evidence refers to minimal amount of sample particularly fibres, glass, hair, fingerprints, saliva, paint chips, glitter etc. The trace evidence presence depends on persistence of the evidence. The extent of persistence of evidence depends on size and shape, amount deposited, environmental factors and time.

Paint is a pigmented liquid composed of pigment, binder, liquid and additives. Used for protecting, decoration and for providing texture. Paint chips are mainly encountered in cases of hit and run, burglary, kidnapping, sexual assault and homicide. Paint evidence comes under two main categories class and individual. Class characteristics can be examined through chemical analysis of each layer as the manufacturer uses different combinations.

The paint analysis is performed in three forms they are mechanical, physical, and chemical. The mechanical involves by making a physical matches, chemical involves by determining the chemical composition and finally physical which relates to the color, texture, pattern and appearance. The paint from a vehicle can be traced based on specific modal and make as the manufacturer will mix different constituents with a specific formula which helps in curbing the suspect. Here in this project, we have performed the paint examination based on the following: physical examination, microscopic examination, solubility test and instrumentations.

Glitter as a trace evidence is found in cases of sexual assault, robbery, kidnapping, and accidental cases. It is collected by using a cello tape or post it- notes. The characterization of glitter is performed by using various techniques such as stereomicroscopy, FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Glitter is analysed based on their color, shape, size, thickness and specific gravity etc.

Handwriting is an acquired knowledge and learned neuromuscular activity, composed of letters, words or designs. Intoxication of certain drugs affects the neuromuscular system which causes variation in handwriting. In the present research work a total of 25 individual’s handwriting samples including both men and women were collected. Effect of intoxication of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and their combinations on handwriting was examined. Handwriting samples were collected twice before and after the consumption of intoxicants. Deterioration in the handwriting was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. The handwriting parameters such as pictorial effects, spacing between letters, words and lines, alignment, size, proportion and tremors were analyzed. The volunteers who were habitual drinkers showed slighter variations in their handwriting under the influence of alcohol. The results revealed that alcohol alone can cause gross changes in the handwriting and signature, whereas tobacco and marijuana cause less effect than alcohol. It may be concluded that variations in the handwriting characteristics under the influence of intoxicants help to distinguish between the writing of drunken and sober person.