Journal of Genetics and Genomes

Background: Murine liver tumor cell lines MH-22A and Hepa 1-6 are used regularly in studies working on better treatment options. Even though both cell lines have been established 40 to 50 year ago, the literature lacks details on their cytogenetic and cytogenomic constitution. Here the corresponding gap in the literature is closed, as both cell lines have been characterized in detail for their chromosome numbers and content.

Methods: Here we performed the first molecular cytogenetic characterization for the two murine liver tumor cell lines MH-22A and Hepa 1-6 using fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular karyotyping.

Results: Both cell lines are (near-)triploid and show numerous chromosome rearrangements leading to expressed copy number alterations. The by molecular cytogenetics and molecular karyotyping obtained data of the cell lines MH-22A and Hepa 1-6 was in silico (= genome browser based-) translated to the human genome. This previously successfully applied approach enabled the characterization of MH-22A as a model for hepatoblastoma or early hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepa 1-6 for (advanced) hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions: The cell lines MH-22A and Hepa 1-6 can now be applied in research in a justified way.

The recent rapid growth of genomic data has made it possible to identify genes having the same inferred function, even among distantly related species, such as humans and invertebrates. Assessing evolutionary relationships provides a way to interpolate or extrapolate gene attributes among species [1]. For such evolutionary analyses, we developed a web tool called ORTHOSCOPE [2]. By uploading gene sequences of interest and by selecting species genomes from >450 bilaterians (Figure 1), users can infer their functions and copy numbers, according to results reported by ORTHOSCOPE in the form of gene trees. That is, ORTHOSCOPE can estimate the evolutionary history of a gene with one click.

Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is rare congenital overgrowth syndrome. This syndrome usually presents in neonates with macroglossia, large birth weight, omphalocele, visceromegaly and hypoglycemia. However, there is little information available regarding the natural history in adults with BWS. Here we present a case of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with its major manifestations but without hypoglycemia that was misdiagnosed in infancy with mucopolysaccharidosis and presented to us at 14 years of age with tall stature.

Introduction: Coronavirus has caused a major burden to mankind since the end of the year 2019 and is still persisting. School going children play a vital role in sustaining the human race and it is necessary to educate them about Coronavirus disease and inculcate in them the preventive measures to minimize its outbreak. This study is aimed to determine the level of awareness and knowledge on preventive measures of this disease and to find their association with demographic variables in high school students.

Methods: A close ended questionnaire based demographic study was done to assess the awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 on 242 school children, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The collected data was statistically analyzed.

Results: The study revealed that the highest percentages of students were in the age group of 14 years (41.73%) and majority of them were female (52.89%). Most of the students were residing in urban area (67.35%). The maximum source of knowledge about the disease was from mass media (75.61%). Awareness associated studies showed significance with the variables of age group (P=0.004), area of residence (P=0.04), and nutritional status of the students (P=0.016), while the knowledge related studies showed significance with only nutritional status of the students (P=0.001). Students residing in rural area decreased the odds of awareness. Female students and 13 years of age students having marginal nutrition have increased the odds of having awareness. Students who are having good health increased the odds of knowledge while those who were over nutrition decreased the odds of knowledge on preventive measures. (P<0.05 was considered as significant).

Conclusion: The study denotes that the efforts of the global health authorities in imparting the necessary steps through mass media to save the public were successful. More awareness and knowledge through mass media increases the tendency of gaining knowledge and awareness towards COVID-19. It is suggestible to include modern technologies and also breathing exercises in school curriculums to protect the students from COVID-19. Further study on various aspects of this respiratory disease with larger sample size will help in acquiring an indepth knowledge on corona virus.

The duplicate of a short coded DNA code that is not coded is known as Satellite DNA. This repetition of the orphans is presented next to each other. Cone repetitions can be of one type or more than one type. Satellite DNA is involved in the unencrypted fragment of DNA strands that can encode any protein. The satellite got its name because of the detection of DNA at a human gradient that was found to be in the centrosomic component of chromosomes, therefore, centromere and heterochromatin are said to be a rich source of these mutations. Due to the nature of coding it was initially thought to be unhealthy DNA; however it has been suggested by some that they will contribute to the functioning of chromosomes. Basic satellite pairs range from 1bp to a few base pairs. Aploid human DNA was found to have 170 basic pairs, while beta-satellite DNA is
found in the chromosomes of 1, 9, 13, and 14,15,21,22 chromosomes and in the Y chromosome and 68 base cells as a complete set of chromosomes. Many copies of nucleic
acids are available in a sequence of sequences involving DNA or RNA. The repetition of this sequence can be divided into the following three categories: Terminal Repetition, Terminal Repetition and Focused Repetition. Repetition of tandem is made up of arrangements close to repeated nucleic acids that may be of one type or more than one type. These duplicates of tandem include satellite DNA, microsatellite and minisatellite. Satellite DNA is a duplicate of coding. Microsatellite is a small repetition of the range ranging from a distance from 1-6 or more to two basic. 

Germs have both living and non-living characteristics. A unique feature that distinguishes germs from other organisms is the fact that they need other substances in order to survive. Therefore, they are considered responsible parasites. Bacteria can spread in many ways which are Airborne - Bacteria infect their carriers in the open air, Blood Borne - Transmission between organisms when infected blood enters the circulatory system, Pollution - It is caused by the use of substances such as water and contaminated food
inside. Thus, viruses have many ways of transmitting from one creature to another. Small germs, because of their size and simplicity, they cannot replicate themselves independently. Therefore, when a virus is detected in a host, it needs recycling methods before it can be eliminated without producing other viruses. This is done by altering the cell's genetic makeup to begin encoding the material needed to make more viruses. By modifying the cell commands, more viruses can be produced.

The present study was conducted to predict genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, heritability, and genetic advance on pod and seed-related traits in cultivated peanut RIL population. Genetic variability is an important prerequisite for selection using certain genetic parameters viz: genotypic variation, heritability and genetic advance.

The trait pod length, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, multi-seedpods per plant had high genotypic coefficient of variation. The highest narrow sense heritability was recorded in seed length, pod length by width, and pod thickness traits, meanwhile, seed length, seed length by width, number of pods per plant, shelling percentage, pod thickness, thickness of pod shells, seed weight per plant, seed thickness, seed width, multiple seedpods per plant, and pod weight per plant traits had high broad sense heritability. The highest genetic advance as percent of mean had occurred in multiple seedpods per plant, number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, thickness of pod shells, pod length by width, seed length by width, and seed length quantitative traits. The highest broad sense heritability values coupled with high genetic gain were estimated in multiple seedpods per plant, number of pods per plant, pod weight plant, seed weight per plant, thickness of pod shells, pod length by width, seed length by width. Therefore, relatively the present study used more pod and seed-related traits than the previous investigations. The present experiment had tried to estimate a good quantitative trait inheritance and genetic variability between recombinant inbred line populations; so far, our result suggested that superior breeding line selection was confidential for next breeding programs.