Journal of Interventional and General Cardiology

Functional Mitral Regurgitation (FMR) is a common condition in patients with Heart Failure (HF), particularly in those with left ventricular dysfunction. Unlike primary mitral regurgitation, where the mitral valve itself is structurally abnormal, FMR occurs due to distortion of the mitral valve apparatus, primarily as a result of left ventricular remodeling, including dilation and dysfunction. This condition leads to retrograde blood flow into the left atrium during systole, worsening symptoms of heart failure, including dyspnea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) has become a cornerstone of treatment for patients with obstructive coronary lesions. Stenting, which involves the placement of a scaffold in the artery to maintain vessel patency, has significantly improved outcomes in PCI procedures.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a widely used procedure for treating Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), particularly for patients with obstructive lesions in the coronary arteries. By re-establishing blood flow through stent placement or balloon angioplasty, PCI provides immediate relief from symptoms such as angina and reduces the risk of acute events like Myocardial Infarction (MI). However, despite the significant short-term benefits of PCI, patients often face long-term challenges, including restenosis, stent thrombosis, and adverse cardiovascular events. A growing body of evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction, a condition where the endothelium—the inner lining of blood vessels—fails to perform its normal functions, plays a critical role in determining the long-term outcomes following PCI

By re-establishing blood flow through stent placement or balloon angioplasty, PCI provides immediate relief from symptoms such as angina and reduces the risk of acute events like myocardial infarction (MI).  Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a widely used procedure for treating coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly for patients with obstructive lesions in the coronary arteries.

Received: 02 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Editor Assigned: 04 September, 2024, PreQC No. ; Reviewed:  16 September, 2024, QC No. ; Revised: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Published: 30 September, 2024, DOI: 10.37421/2684-4591.2024.8.282.

The field of interventional cardiology has seen remarkable advancements in recent years, thanks to innovations in imaging technologies, device development, and procedural techniques. However, despite these improvements, interventional cardiologists continue to face significant challenges when it comes to complex decision-making, predicting procedural outcomes, and managing the risk of adverse events.

Received: 02 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Editor Assigned: 04 September, 2024, PreQC No. ; Reviewed: 16 September, 2024, QC No. ; Revised: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Published: 30 September, 2024,DOI: 10.37421/2684-4591.2024.8.278.

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries is a challenging and complex condition in interventional cardiology. CTO refers to a coronary artery obstruction that has persisted for more than 3 months, resulting in a complete blockage of blood flow. CTOs are commonly seen in patients with long-standing coronary artery disease and are associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes, including heart failure, angina, and recurrent myocardial infarction. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the preferred treatment for CTOs, but the procedure is technically demanding and can be associated with lower success rates and higher complication risks compared to other coronary interventions.

Received: 02 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Editor Assigned: 04 September, 2024, PreQC No. ; Reviewed:  16 September, 2024, QC No. ; Revised: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Published: 30 September, 2024, DOI: 10.37421/2684-4591.2024.8.277.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has become an increasingly recognized form of heart failure, accounting for a significant proportion of heart failure cases, particularly in older adults and those with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), where systolic dysfunction is the primary mechanism, HFpEF is characterized by a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but impaired diastolic function, resulting in symptoms of heart failure. One of the key pathophysiological features of HFpEF is Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD), a condition where the small coronary arteries fail to properly regulate blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to inadequate myocardial perfusion despite a normal or near-normal epicardial coronary artery structure.

Received: 02 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Editor Assigned: 04 September, 2024, PreQC No. ; Reviewed: 16 September, 2024, QC No. ; Revised: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Published: 30 September, 2024,DOI: 10.37421/2684-4591.2024.8.279.

Heavily calcified coronary lesions represent one of the most challenging types of coronary artery disease (CAD) to treat in interventional cardiology. Calcification of coronary arteries complicates procedures such as balloon angioplasty and stent deployment, increasing the risk of complications such as stent under-expansion, restenosis, and periprocedural myocardial infarction.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an advanced imaging technique that uses light waves to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of coronary arteries. Over the past decade, OCT has gained significant attention in the field of interventional cardiology due to its superior imaging resolution compared to traditional modalities like Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) and angiography.

Transcatheter Valve Interventions (TVIs) have revolutionized the treatment of valvular heart diseases, especially in patients who are considered high-risk for traditional open-heart surgery. With advancements in technology, TVIs such as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) and Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair (TMVR) have become established treatment options for patients with severe valvular dysfunction, including aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation.

Received: 02 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Editor Assigned: 04 September, 2024, PreQC No. ; Reviewed:  16 September, 2024, QC No. ; Revised: 23 September, 2024, Manuscript No. ; Published: 30 September, 2024, DOI: 10.37421/2684-4591.2024.8.280.