Journal of Integrative Oncology

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer affecting women worldwide and its early detection provides the opportunity to help save a life. Automated diagnosis and classification of cervical cancer from pap-smear images has become a necessity as it enables accurate, reliable and timely analysis of the condition?progress. Segmentation is a fundamental aspect of enabling successful automated pap-smear image analysis. In this paper, a potent algorithm for segmentation of the pap-smear image into the nucleus, cytoplasm, and background using pixel level information is proposed. Methods: First, a number of pixels from the nuclei, cytoplasm, and background are extracted from five hundred images. Second, the selected pixels are trained using noise reduction, edge detection, and texture filters to produce a pixel level classifier. Third, the pixel level classifier is validated using test set and 5- fold cross validation using Fast Random Forest, Nave Bayes, and J48 classification techniques. An extensive evaluation of the algorithm and comparison with the benchmark ground truth measurements shows promising results. Comparison of the segmented images nucleus and cytoplasm parameters (nucleus area, longest diameter, roundness, perimeter and cytoplasm area, longest diameter, roundness, perimeter) with the ground truth segmented image feature parameters (nucleus area, longest diameter, roundness, perimeter and cytoplasm area, longest diameter, roundness, perimeter) yielded average errors of 0.94, 0.93, 0.02, 0.63, 0.96, 0.37, 0.13 and 0.96mm respectively. Validation of the proposed pixel level classifier with 5-fold cross-validation yielded a classification accuracy of 98.48%, 94.25% and 98.45% using Fast Random Forest, Nave Bayes, and J48 classification methods respectively. Finally, validation with a test dataset yielded a classification accuracy of 98.48% and 98.98%using Fast Random Forest and J48 Classification methods respectively. This paper articulates a potent approach to the segmentation of cervical cells into the nucleus, cytoplasm, and background using pixel level information. The experimental results show that the approach gives good classification and achieves a pixel classification average accuracy of 98%. The method serves as a basis for first level segmentation of pap-smear images for diagnosis and classification of cervical cancer from pap-smear images using nucleus and cytoplasm pixel level information. Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer. HPV vaccines protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap tests.

Disorders of sex development is a childhood and infantile anomaly that affect not only the somatic growth; but also leading to stress and anxiety among parents who are seeking optimal treatments. Accordingly, in this study, the surgical outcomes in patients with disorders of sex development in Mofid Childrens Hospital from 2001 to 2014 were determined. In this case series study, 72 consecutive children with disorders of sex development in mofid childrens Hospital from 2001 to 2014 were enrolled and followed in a regular manner. Data were gathered by existing medical documents and were recorded in a prepared checklist. The surgical outcomes were assessed with an interview and clinical examination after the announcement by the hospital. The success and complication rate were determined by a group of surgeons and compared according to other variables. In the current study, we have evaluated seventy-two patients: 55 (76.38%) affected by Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, thirteen (18.05%) by Testicular Feminization, 2 (2.7%) by Ovotesticular disorder and two cases (2.7%) by Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis (MGD). Most common type of applied surgery was Clitoroplasty, Genitoplasty and Pull through Vaginoplasty. Fifty-nine patients (81.9%) had no surgical complications. All patients had good conditions at discharge and no mortality was registered. Three cases of testicular feminization (4.2%) who underwent pull through colovaginoplasty were married. According to our findings, surgical outcomes in cases of Disorders of Sex Development are relatively good and satisfactory. However long-term follow-up study is required to determine the final outcomes, especially for marital and sexual issues. The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply "surgery". In this context, the verb "operate" means to perform surgery.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within 7 days, as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both. Causes of AKI are classified as either prerenal (due to decreased blood flow to the kidney), intrinsic renal (due to damage to the kidney itself), or post renal (due to blockage of urine flow). Prerenal causes of AKI include sepsis, dehydration, excessive blood loss, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, cirrhosis, and certain medications like ACE inhibitors or NSAIDs. Intrinsic renal causes of AKI include glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and contrast dye used for imaging. Postrenal causes of AKI include kidney stones, bladder cancer, neurogenic bladder, enlargement of the prostate, narrowing of the urethra, and certain medications like anticholinergics. The diagnosis of AKI is made based on a person's signs and symptoms, along with lab tests for serum creatinine and measurement of urine output. Other tests include urine microscopy and urine electrolytes. Renal ultrasound can be obtained when a post renal cause is suspected. A kidney biopsy may be obtained when intrinsic renal AKI is suspected and the cause is unclear. AKI is seen in 10-15% of people admitted to the hospital and in more than 50% of people admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). AKI may lead to a number of complications, including metabolic acidosis, high potassium levels, uremia, changes in body fluid balance, and effects on other organ systems, including death. People who have experienced AKI are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease in the future. Management includes treatment of the underlying cause and supportive care, such as renal replacement therapy. The clinical presentation is often dominated by the underlying cause. The various symptoms of acute kidney injury result from the various disturbances of kidney function that are associated with the disease.

When abnormal cells start growing in your lungs or air passages leading to the lungs, or bronchi, it is called lung cancer. These cells grow rapidly and form solid masses called tumors. As tumors grow and increase in number they stop your lungs from providing oxygen to your bloodstream. Many early lung cancers are diagnosed as an incidental finding with a test for a different purpose. But when they do appear, knowing the warning signs of lung cancer may allow you to get screened earlier. Finding lung cancer early allows for more personalized treatment options, with a much better success rate. Having one of the following symptoms of lung cancer is generally not a cause for worry, but if you experience multiple symptoms for an extended amount of time, it is time to see your doctor. The different types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. In non-small cell lung cancer there are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer which are adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous cell, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Small cell lung cancer is divided into two types, named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look when viewed under a microscope those are small cell carcinoma and combined small cell carcinoma.

Lung cancer is among the most deadly cancers for both men and women. Its death rate exceeds that of the three most common cancers combined. Over half of patients diagnosed with lung cancer die within one year of diagnosis. There are two main subtypes of lung cancer, small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, accounting all lung cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma is further classified into three types which are squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma.