Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, according to the World Health Organization, is based on blood glucose levels in the fasted condition and the oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose levels above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl) in the fast state are known as diabetes and after an oral glucose tolerance test is above 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dl). Other serum parameters such as residual C-peptide or serum parameters such as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) may also help to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are 95% contributor of all oral cavity carcinomas around the world.  Though the malignancy is prevalent, especially in developing, the attention regarding the diagnosis or treatment has not been satisfactory when compared to other malignancies like lung, breast, or colon cancer.

Wuhan, the most populous city of central China, developed a mysterious circumstance of pneumonia on December 2019, a series of acute respiratory illnesses were reported. The scientists of China recognized this as a novel coronavirus on January 2020. On February 2020, the coronavirus disease spread globally. People infected with SARS-CoV-2, the cause ofCOVID-19, react contrarily. Some patients were asymptomatic, some require to be hospitalized and, for some, the disease became lethal. Hence, it is vital to establish a patient's state in an appropriate method. Biomarkers are quantitative measurements used clinically for many conditions reflecting pathological development.

Common cancers are currently being identified on a wide scale technique for screening such as CT scans for lung cancer, breast cancer mammograms, and ovarian ultrasounds. While advancement in imaging technology has made identification of small lesions more effective, these improvements have led to an increase in false positives and invasive procedures for definitive diagnosis. 

The term “biomarker” can be described as biochemical, molecular, or cellular modifications that are detectable in organic media such as human cells, tissues, or fluids. Biomarkers comprise tools that can assist in predicting the root, diagnosis, succession, and effect of treatment of disease. Biomarkers can also mirror the complete range of ailment as of the initial appearances to the fatal stages.