Journal of Microbiology and Pathology

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Salmonella, Listeria, Clostridium and Campylobacter cause annually over 1.1 billion illnesses and result in approximately 400,000 deaths. Currently, there are very few interventions for the inactivation of bacteria on food. Use of traditional antibiotics for the treatment of food is inappropriate, particularly because of increased antibiotic resistance found in almost all foodborne pathogenic bacteria. We propose using antimicrobial proteins like bacteriocins and phage endolysins as food additives or food processing aids. It looks promising because of the magnitude of current food safety issues and because these product candidates can be approved relatively quickly using. GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) regulatory approval procedure in USA. Bacteriocins are natural non-antibiotic antimicrobial proteins produced by certain bacterial strains that kill or inhibit the growth of other strains of the same or related species. Similarly, phage endolysins are natural non-antibiotic antimicrobial proteins used by bacteriophages to lyse host bacteria. We demonstrated that most bacteriocins and endolysins active against E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria and Clostridium can be manufactured efficiently in green plants. For manufacturing of recombinant proteins we used our proprietary production systems magnICON® and NomadicTM. Most antimicrobial proteins are well expressed in planta and are expected to command low commercially viable manufacturing costs. Nomad colicin cocktails show high activity against all major EHEC serotypes defined by USDA/FDA. Plant-made salmocins, bacteriocins from Salmonella enterica, efficiently eliminate numerous Salmonella pathovars. Proposed cocktails of antibacterial proteins efficiently reduce the titers of pathogenic bacteria in contaminated meats, fruits and vegetables. The FDA twice granted our plant-produced colicins GRAS status as antimicrobials for application to fruits and vegetables (GRN 593) and meat products (GRN 676), thus paving the way to commercialization of colicins as food additives or food processing aides for control of foodborne E. coli infections.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), legally called host defense peptides (HDP), are part of the innate immune response of all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which may represent antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics which are novel potential therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been shown to kill Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi, and even transformed or cancerous cells. Unlike most conventional antibiotics, it appears that antimicrobial peptides frequently destabilize biological membranes,

Plant antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from roots, seeds, flowers, stems and leaves of a wide variety of species and have been shown to be active against plant pathogens, as well as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites and cells. neoplastic. The repertoire of AMPs synthesized by plants is extremely large with different AMPs in certain plant species. The significant groups of AMP incorporate defensins, thionins, lipid move proteins, cyclotides, snakins and hevein-like proteins, depending on amino acid sequence homology. Most known AMPs act by forming membrane pores, causing leakage of ions and metabolites, depolarization, disruption of respiratory processes and cell death. The amphipathic structure and positive charge at physiological pH may be important membrane lipids interacting with amps. Cationic residues are electrostatically attracting negatively charged molecules (eg, anionic phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, or teichoic acids) to the peptide to accumulate on the membrane surface. When the concentration reaches a threshold value, collapse begins. Three main models have been proposed: the barrel-scope model, the wormhole (or toroidal pore) model and the carpet model. In the barrel-bearing mechanism,

Foodborne illness (referred to as food poisoning) is often caused by foodborne contaminated bacteria and / or their toxins, parasites, viruses, chemicals or other agents. While the US food supply is among the safest in the world, the federal government estimates that there are approximately 48 years of cases of foodborne illness each year. This estimate equates to 1 in 6 Americans who become ill with contaminated food, resulting in approximately 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths. Foodborne illness survives when people eat or drink food or drink contaminated with pathogens, chemicals or toxins. Several factors can contribute to the symptoms and severity of food poisoning, including a weakened immune system and age. When the FDA learns of an outbreak, the agency '

Bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness and exist in a variety of forms, types and properties. Some pathogenic bacteria are capable of spore formation and are therefore highly resistant to heat (eg Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens, Bacillus subtilus, Bacillus cereus). Some are capable of producing heat resistant toxins (eg Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum). Most pathogens are mesophilic with an optimum growth temperature of between 20 ° C and 45 ° C. However, some foodborne pathogens (ie psychrotrophs),

This work presents a facile technique that employs flatbed scanners for the measurement of colony grayscale values. Use of grayscale conversion of sRGB-based color images simplifies initially complex three dimensional color space attributes into a single dimension, allowing for a simplified approach to the detection and monitoring of colony chromogenesis. The performance of 4 often-used grayscale conversions is assessed using Letheen agar in combination with two chromogenic dyes, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), and tetrazolium violet (TV) in cultures of three model microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The effects of different concentrations of the chromogens and the differences in color development over time are evaluated. Affordable approaches to interpret derived data are suggested and insights related to analysis of color development are supplied. Metrological aspects of the technique are duly addressed. Thus, particular care is devoted to characterize the measurement technique employed, to highlight its limitations, and to assess cross-device reproducibility of obtained results. The suggested method is simple and resorts to affordable and readily available devices and software. This technique can be applied in culture media enhancement, phenotypic characterization of microorganisms, especially in the detection of colony color development.

Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit two-color black-and-white images, which are the only two colors: black and white (also known as two-level images or binary). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images can be the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel at a given weighted combination of frequencies (or wavelengths), and in such cases, they are a single frequency. (in practice, a narrow band of frequencies) is captured. Frequencies can be derived from the origin of the electromagnetic spectrum (eg infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, etc.). A colorimetric (or more likely photometric) grayscale image is an image that has a defined grayscale color space,

In biology, a colony is made up of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association or connected to each other. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as enhanced defense or ability to attack larger prey. It is a solid medium on the surface (or inside) of identical cells (clones), usually derived from a single parent cell, such as a bacterial colony. In contrast, solitary organisms are those in which all individuals live independently and have all the functions necessary to survive and reproduce.

Colonies, in the context of development, may be composed of two or more unitary (or solitary) organisms or modular organisms. Unit organisms have a defined development (defined life stages) from zygote to adult form, and individuals or groups of individuals (colonies) are visually distinct. Modular organisms have indeterminate growth forms (undefined life stages) followed by genetically identical modules (or individuals), and it can be difficult to contain. In the latter case, the modules can have specific functions within the colony. Some organisms are essentially independent and form facultative colonies in response to environmental conditions while others must live in a colony. For example, some carpenter bees will form shared colonies.

For most applications the colonies are lighter than the bottom plate; For the latter, the Iris applies grayscale image thresholding algorithms such as the Otsu algorithm. Typically, such thresholding algorithms operate on the histogram of the image brightness and effort to select a threshold that best separates the background pixels from the foreground. For applications such as biofilm and morphology readings (CR plates), where the brightness of a colony is relative to its background (may be a lighter or darker than a background), or may vary in the test, Iris uses the Marr-Hildreth algorithm , also known as the Gaussian Laplacian algorithm. This algorithm first applies a Gaussian smoothing filter to the grayscale image. Next, a second order derivative of the Gaussian is calculated, Brightness in zero values â??â??denoting abrupt changes. These pixel locations are then used as colony boundaries. To initially estimate colony centers, Iris calculates the image thresholding algorithm (Otsu) of the colony's ultimate erosion point after applying gray levels. This approach is also used in the case of manually cropped single colony images. Colony size is measured by all available software such as growth capital.

The growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are group of bacteria mainly found in the rhizosphere of plant, having capability to stimulate their health and growth and also defend them from different soil-borne pathogens by different mechanisms. In current study, total thirty-four strains of PGPR were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy banana plants and differentiated on the basis of morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Phosphate solubilizing ability, capability of auxin production as well as sideroshore competency of PGRP were also investigated for the stimulation of plant growth. Out of 34 isolated strains, six isolates were found positive with high siderophore producing activity, six strains were confirmed having the ability of production of indole acetic acid (IAA), and 17 isolates were found with excellent ability to solubilize the insoluble phosphate. As enzymatic production seemed to have a significant role in inhibition of different pathogens of plants, most of the isolates in current study were found positive for the production of amylases, oxidase, pectinases, proteases, lipases, catalases. Furthermore, seven PGPR isolates also showed the antifungal activity with maximum 51.59% and 50.48% growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense in vitro. Thus, these rhizosphere isolates might be used to endorse plant growth and a good biocontrol for pathogenic fungi in banana growing areas of Pakistan

Rhizobacteria are bacteria associated with roots that form symbiotic relationships in many plants. They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizers. Biofertilization represents about 65% of the overall yield nitrogen gracefully Rhizobacteria are regularly alluded to as plant development advancing rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPR was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become increasingly used in scientific literature. PGPRs are host plants of different species with different relationships. The two main classes of relationships are rhizospheric and endophytic.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were first defined by Kloepper and Schroth to describe soil bacteria that colonize plant roots after seed inoculation and enhance plant growth. The following elements are involved in the process of colonization: the ability to survive inoculation of seeds, to multiply in the spermosphere (response to the seed), and the attachment to the surface of the colonizing system. The ineffectiveness of PGPRs in the field has often been attributed to their inability to colonize plant roots. An

assortment of bacterial characteristics and explicit qualities add to this procedure, however just a couple have been distinguished. These include motility, chemotaxis to seed and root exudates, production of pili or fimbriae, specific cell surface composites of production, Protein root exudates and detection of specific composites for use. of the quorum. The generation of mutants in the expression of these traits helps us understand the precise role that each plays in the colonization process. Advances in identifying new, previously uncharacterized genes are made using unbiased screening strategies that rely on gene fusion technologies. These strategies use reporter transposons and in vitro expression technology (IVET) to detect genes during colonization. Using molecular markers such as green fluorescent protein or fluorescent antibodies, it is possible to confocal laser scanning microscopy using the root on the individual rhizobacteria of the monitor. This approach was also combined with a probe targeting rRNA to monitor of the quorum.

Studies on sugar beet crops have found that some root colonizing bacteria are deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB). DRB had reduced germination rates, root lesions, reduced root elongation, root distortions, increased fungal infection, and reduced plant growth. In one trial, the yield of sugar was reduced by 48%. Six strains of rhizobacteria have been identified as being DRBs. The strains belong to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter and Arthrobacter. Due to the large number of

taxonomic species yet described, a complete characterization was not possible because the drb is very variable. The presence of PGPR has been shown to reduce and inhibit the colonization of DRB on sugar beet roots.

Rhizobacteria are also able to control plant diseases that are caused by other bacteria and fungi. Disease is suppressed through induced systematic resistance and through the production of antifungal metabolites. Pseudomonas biocontrol strains have been hereditarily adjusted to improve plant development and improve the sickness obstruction of horticultural yields. In horticulture, inoculant microscopic organisms are regularly applied to the seed layer of seeds before being planted. Vaccinated seeds are bound to set up enormous enough rhizobacterial populaces inside the rhizosphere to create outstanding gainful consequences for the harvest

Many have been used for the selection of microbial biological control agents, with no system being more efficient than another. One approach has been to isolate potential microbial antagonists from the environment, such as soil, seeds or roots. This is based on the premise that any antagonist will be ecologically adapted to this environment and will be able to survive and express activity as a biological control agent. Another approach has been to isolate antagonists from suppressive soils for a particular pathogen. This approach was used for the isolation of Streptomyces griseoviridis, a biological control agent for the control of Fusarium and Pythium spp.  It is also used for the isolation of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, an effective biological control agent for Fusarium wilt in sweet potato and tomato. Alternatively, pathogens of propagules or mycelia have been isolated from soils as antagonists have been isolated. In this case, the antagonists have the potential to attack the pathogen and be adapted to the environment in which the pathogen is active. The rating procedure has been used to obtain several pathogens of sclerotic antagonists, including.

Biological control can be simply defined as the application of one living organism to another. This process is also called biological control. Biological application is mainly introduced to reduce a pest population and to produce pest-free yields. It is a self-sustaining, long-term treatment method for the management of invasive plants. The living organism applied in this system is used to suppress a weed infestation and to control pests, including insects, pathogens and grazing animals. Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Verticillium, and Armillaria are some of the most common soil pathogens in the Pacific Northwest. Excess moisture and soil pH are the catalysts for these pathogens to thrive. Phytophthora causes downy mildew. Armillaria and Rhizoctonia cause root rot (a tree of the base at honey fungi is a visual symptom of Armillaria); Verticillium and fusarium are known to cause wilt. Their life cycle varies, so it is important to take note of the weather conditions, soil conditions, location and other obvious factors that directly impact the sick plant or heavy foot traffic.

A wide range of unique chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, are continuously introduced into natural environment including water and soil matrices, mainly from hospital and municipal wastewater or manufactures. Due to its frequent occurrence in wastewaters and natural waters diclofenac is even proposed as a suitable marker for anthropogenic pollution, which confirmed the great importance of NSAIDs environmental pollution. Moreover, as a consequence of its environmental significance, diclofenac is currently classified in the watch list, which contains the most important candidates for a supplemented list of priority substances for the WFD (European Water Framework Directive). Up to now, only a few bacterial strains able to DCF decomposition have been described. Moreover, so far only a few of the initial metabolites of the microbial degradation of diclofenac (including hydroxylated and lactam derivatives) have been identified. Structural and metabolic changes occurring in the bacterial cells under the influence of this drug also remain poorly characterized. The main aim of this research was to describe the microbial degradation pathway of DCF in Pseudomonas strains. The investigation incorporate superior fluid chromatography, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, estimation of explicit proteins movement apparently associated with diclofenac corruption e.g. hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase. The influence of diclofenac on bacteria was determined by analysis of the composition and content of fatty acids (FAME, fatty acid methyl esters), which build the bacterial membrane. Toxicity of DCF was evaluated by calculation of EC50 value.

Diclofenac, sold under the brand name Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. It is taken orally, rectally in a suppository, used by injection, or applied to the skin.Pain improvements last up to eight hours. It is also available in combination with misoprostol for the purpose of reducing stomach problems. Common side effects include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, dizziness, headache, and swelling. Serious side effects can include heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, and stomach ulceration. Use n ' is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is probably safe while breastfeeding. It is thought to work by

decreasing the production of prostaglandin. It blocks both cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). Diclofenac was patented in 1965 by Ciba-Geigy; it entered medical use in the United States in 1988. It is available as a generic drug In 2017, it was the 94th most commonly prescribed drug in the United States, with more than eight million prescriptions. It is available as sodium and potassium salt

Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the natural ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform, or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) , polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceuticals, radionuclides and metals.

Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological advances have enabled high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other analyzes of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new information on biodegradation pathways and the capacity of organisms. to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert these compounds. In environmental microbiology, global genome-based studies improve understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks,

The study of the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment has revealed an important reservoir of enzymatic reactions with a high potential for preparative organic synthesis, which has already been exploited for a certain number of oxygenases on a pilot and even industrial scale. . New catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and from approaches based on DNA sequences. Our increasing capacity to adapt catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis widens the field of application in the fine chemicals industry, but also in the field of biodegradation. In many cases, these catalysts need to be exploited in whole cell bioconversions or in fermentations, which requires system-wide approaches to understand strain physiology and metabolism and rational approaches to whole cell engineering, as they are increasingly offered in the field of systems. biotechnology and synthetic biology

The consumption of diclofenac was associated with a significant increase in vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen. Upper gastrointestinal complications have also been reported. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) were increased by about a third by diclofenac, mainly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared to placebo, out of 1,000 patients allocated to diclofenac for one year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was significantly increased by diclofenac

A wide range of unique chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, are continuously introduced into natural environment including water and soil matrices, mainly from hospital and municipal wastewater or manufactures. Due to its frequent occurrence in wastewaters and natural waters diclofenac is even proposed as a suitable marker for anthropogenic pollution, which confirmed the great importance of NSAIDs environmental pollution. Moreover, as a consequence of its environmental significance, diclofenac is currently classified in the watch list, which contains the most important candidates for a supplemented list of priority substances for the WFD (European Water Framework Directive). Up to now, only a few bacterial strains able to DCF decomposition have been described. Moreover, so far only a few of the initial metabolites of the microbial degradation of diclofenac (including hydroxylated and lactam derivatives) have been identified. Structural and metabolic changes occurring in the bacterial cells under the influence of this drug also remain poorly characterized. The main aim of this research was to describe the microbial degradation pathway of DCF in Pseudomonas strains. The investigation incorporate superior fluid chromatography, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, estimation of explicit proteins movement apparently associated with diclofenac corruption e.g. hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase. The influence of diclofenac on bacteria was determined by analysis of the composition and content of fatty acids (FAME, fatty acid methyl esters), which build the bacterial membrane. Toxicity of DCF was evaluated by calculation of EC50 value.

Diclofenac, sold under the brand name Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. It is taken orally, rectally in a suppository, used by injection, or applied to the skin.Pain improvements last up to eight hours. It is also available in combination with misoprostol for the purpose of reducing stomach problems. Common side effects include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, dizziness, headache, and swelling. Serious side effects can include heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, and stomach ulceration. Use n ' is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is probably safe while breastfeeding. It is thought to work by

decreasing the production of prostaglandin. It blocks both cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). Diclofenac was patented in 1965 by Ciba-Geigy; it entered medical use in the United States in 1988. It is available as a generic drug In 2017, it was the 94th most commonly prescribed drug in the United States, with more than eight million prescriptions. It is available as sodium and potassium salt

Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the natural ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform, or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) , polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceuticals, radionuclides and metals.

Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological advances have enabled high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other analyzes of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new information on biodegradation pathways and the capacity of organisms. to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert these compounds. In environmental microbiology, global genome-based studies improve understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks,

The study of the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment has revealed an important reservoir of enzymatic reactions with a high potential for preparative organic synthesis, which has already been exploited for a certain number of oxygenases on a pilot and even industrial scale. . New catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and from approaches based on DNA sequences. Our increasing capacity to adapt catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis widens the field of application in the fine chemicals industry, but also in the field of biodegradation. In many cases, these catalysts need to be exploited in whole cell bioconversions or in fermentations, which requires system-wide approaches to understand strain physiology and metabolism and rational approaches to whole cell engineering, as they are increasingly offered in the field of systems. biotechnology and synthetic biology

The consumption of diclofenac was associated with a significant increase in vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen. Upper gastrointestinal complications have also been reported. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) were increased by about a third by diclofenac, mainly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared to placebo, out of 1,000 patients allocated to diclofenac for one year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was significantly increased by diclofenac