Nuclear Medicine & Radiation Therapy

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reviewed on the dose limit for the lens of the eye followed the recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in its statement in April 2011. The dose limit to the eye was reduced from 150 mSv in a year to 20 mSv in a year, averaged over defined periods of 5 years, with no annual dose in a single year exceeding 50 mSv. IAEA still announced a measurement value of personal dose equivalent at 3 mm depth with a dosimeter worn as close as possible to the eye and calibrated on a head shape phantom in IAEA Technical Document No. 1731(2013): Implications for Occupational Radiation Protection of the New Dose Limit for the Lens of the Eye. The new dose limit and the measurement closed to the eye had made an impact to workers who received dose more than 20 mSv per year and worn dosimeter at whole body which not represented to real dose. The Office of Atoms for Peace announced in the Royal Gazette (2018) with the reduction of the dose limits and recommended to Personal Radiation Monitoring Service laboratory for development of the lens of eye dose calibrated at eye adjacent including with to investigate the risk assessment of the effects of radiation on eye lens upon the new dose limit for medical worker. The purpose of this research is to develop the lens of eye dose for Nuclear Medicine (NM) workers due to related with gamma and beta from radioisotope and a longtime exposure.

The risk assessment of radiation lens injury was performed from the relationship of averaged eye lens dose to affect the prevalence of radiationassociated posterior lens opacities or cataract. In this research, calibration technique for a small OSL dosimeter was developed to be eye lens dosimeters which inserted at 3 mm depth of head shape phantom. The calibrated dosimeters were worn from NM workers at eye adjacent for finding averaged accumulative dose in a year. 31 NM workers who received the highest eye doses were chosen to eyes examination by experienced ophthalmologists using slit-lamp. Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (PSC) was graded according to a modified Merriam-Focht scoring system and a grading score of 1 and above in either eye was considered as early cataract by radiation effect. The conclusions of this research shown the NM workers who received high dose might be found the opportunity of cataract when getting older from the results of PSC grades above 1.0 score. From 31 NM workers were found the prevalence of radiation-associated posterior lens opacities in the right and left eye lens was 10 (32.26%) and was 11(35.48%) respectively.

Aim: To study the dosimetric differences of using different energy in the case of lung SBRT VMAT treatment planning.

Materials & Methods: A total of 12 patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (36 plans) with PTV of 63.3cc to 115.4cc were selected for this study retrospectively. Three different treatment plans were generated using 6XFF, 6XFFF, and 10XFFF energies with same optimization constraints to deliver 60Gy in 8 fractions with two partial arcs on Eclipse TPS. A progressive resolution optimizer and Acuros algorithm were employed for optimization and dose calculation, respectively. Planning evaluation was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively for PTV and OARs doses, as per RTOG guidelines (0813/0915). Delivery quality assurance for each plan was performed using the PTW Octavious-4D phantom. In addition, the point dose was verified using a thimble ion chamber.

Results: The Coverage Index (CI) (p<0.05) was the same 96%±0.008 for 6XFF and 6XFFF, while 94% ± 0.012 for 10XFFF. The mean Conformity Index (COIN) (p>0.05) for 6XFF, 6XFFF and 10XFFF was 0.956 ± 0.036, 0.957 ± 0.037, and 0.936 ± 0.043, respectively. Mean treatment time (p<0.05) for 6XFF, 6XFFF and 10XFFF was 3.7 ± 0.41, 1.55 ± 0.21 and 1.13 ± 0.13 minutes, respectively. Mean gamma (3%, 3mm) was 96.5 ± 1.12, 96.3 ± 1.03 and 97.4 ± 1.3 for 6XFF, 6XFFF and 10XFFF, respectively. Mean point dose difference in % between TPS and measurement was 2.2 ± 0.4, 2.4 ± 0.9 and 2.68 ± 0.9 for 6XFF, 6XFFF and 10XFFF respectively.

Conclusion: We found 6XFFF to be the optimal choice based on OAR sparing with no compromise for coverage and conformity index.

Cancer has remained a formidable challenge to modern medicine, demanding innovative approaches to improve treatment outcomes. In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising field, capitalizing on the ability of certain viruses to selectively target and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Among these viral warriors, the Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) has shown remarkable potential as a potent cancer treatment agent. This review explores the biology, mechanisms of action, and current research surrounding NDV-based therapies, highlighting its ability to revolutionize cancer treatment and bring hope to patients and oncologists alike. Cancer continues to be a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating a constant quest for novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, while effective to some extent, often cause substantial collateral damage to normal cells and tissues. This has led researchers to explore innovative therapies that can target cancer cells selectively while sparing healthy ones. Oncolytic virotherapy, an emerging field that harnesses the potential of viruses to combat cancer, holds significant promise.

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a groundbreaking approach in cancer treatment, harnessing the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. While traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been widely used, they often come with significant side effects and limited efficacy. Cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides with a unique molecular structure, have shown great potential as carriers for targeted drug delivery in cancer immunotherapy. This review explores the various applications of cyclodextrins in cancer immunotherapy, highlighting their advantages, challenges, and future prospects. Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative and effective treatment strategies. Immunotherapy, which leverages the body's immune system to combat cancer, has demonstrated remarkable success in recent years. Cyclodextrins, due to their distinctive properties, have emerged as promising candidates for enhancing the efficacy and safety of cancer immunotherapy. This review discusses the current landscape of cancer immunotherapy and explores how cyclodextrins can be utilized to address the challenges associated with conventional treatment modalities.