Journal of Nephrology & Therapeutics

Uraemic toxins are metabolic waste products that accumulate in patients
with kidney failure, contributing to a range of complications that affect multiple
organ systems. Peritoneal dialysis serves as an alternative to haemodialysis,
offering patients a home-based therapy that can improve their quality of life.
However, an ongoing challenge in peritoneal dialysis is the effective removal of
uraemic toxins, which are broadly classified into small water-soluble molecules,
protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. Measuring these toxins is crucial
in understanding dialysis adequacy, guiding treatment modifications, and
improving patient outcomes. Despite its potential benefits, there are several
pitfalls associated with uraemic toxin measurement in peritoneal dialysis,
which require careful consideration.

MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, has garnered significant
attention for its role in metabolic regulation, cellular homeostasis, and muscle
maintenance. In chronic peritoneal dialysis patients, the risk of sarcopenia
is particularly high due to multiple contributing factors, including chronic
inflammation, oxidative stress, malnutrition, and prolonged exposure to
uraemic toxins. Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass
and function, significantly affects morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients.
Understanding the association between MOTS-c levels and sarcopenia risk
could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions and
early diagnostic markers.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) has been explored as a potential
intervention for inflammatory conditions, particularly in mitigating cytokine
storms, which are associated with severe infections, autoimmune disorders,
and critical illnesses such as COVID-19. Cytokine storms involve an excessive
immune response characterized by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory
cytokines, leading to tissue damage, multi-organ failure, and increased
mortality. Understanding the impact of HBOT on cytokine storms requires
robust statistical methods, and Bayesian modeling provides a powerful
framework for analyzing this complex relationship.

Peritoneal dialysis has undergone significant advancements in recent
years, particularly in the development of dialysis fluid, which plays a crucial
role in the efficacy and biocompatibility of the therapy. Peritoneal dialysis fluid
has evolved from conventional glucose-based solutions to more sophisticated
formulations aimed at reducing peritoneal membrane damage, enhancing
ultrafiltration efficiency, and improving patient outcomes. Understanding
the latest progress in peritoneal dialysis fluid development is essential for
optimizing treatment strategies and addressing complications associated with
long-term therapy.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in
patients who have experienced cardiac arrest. It results from a complex
interplay of ischemia-reperfusion injury, hemodynamic instability, and systemic
inflammatory responses, all of which contribute to renal dysfunction. AKI is
associated with increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stays,
and higher rates of long-term renal impairment. Targeted temperature
management (TTM) has been widely implemented as a neuroprotective
strategy following cardiac arrest, aiming to improve neurological outcomes and
overall survival. However, its impact on kidney function remains an area of
active investigation. Understanding the effects of TTM on AKI development,
severity, and recovery is crucial for optimizing post-cardiac arrest care.

Arterial aneurysms are a significant vascular pathology characterized by
the abnormal dilation of blood vessels due to the weakening of the arterial wall.
These aneurysms can occur in various regions, including the aorta, cerebral
arteries, and peripheral vasculature, leading to life-threatening complications
such as rupture and dissection. One of the critical physiological pathways
implicated in the development and progression of arterial aneurysms is
the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS). Dysregulation of angiotensin, a key
component of this system, has been increasingly recognized as a contributing
factor in aneurysm pathophysiology.

Immune-mediated glomerular diseases encompass a diverse group
of kidney disorders characterized by immune system dysfunction leading
to glomerular inflammation, damage, and eventual loss of renal function.
These diseases include conditions such as lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy,
membranous nephropathy, and ANCA-associated vasculitis, all of which pose
significant challenges in treatment due to their complex pathophysiology.
Traditional therapeutic approaches have relied on broad immunosuppressive
strategies, but recent advances in multitarget therapy have revolutionized
the management of these conditions by providing more effective and less
toxic treatment options.

Lipid-based multi-compartment drug delivery systems have gained
significant attention due to their ability to enhance drug solubility, improve
bioavailability, and enable controlled release. These systems are particularly
useful for delivering hydrophobic drugs, biologics, and gene therapies,
providing a versatile platform for targeted and sustained drug delivery. Analytical
modeling of such systems is crucial for optimizing their design, predicting
drug release kinetics, and ensuring efficacy and safety.

Nanovesicles have emerged as a promising drug delivery system
for enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of various
pharmacological agents, particularly those targeting the central nervous
system. Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has demonstrated
neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties, making it
a promising candidate for treating neurological disorders such as epilepsy,
multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its therapeutic
efficacy is often limited by poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and difficulty in
crossing the blood-brain barrier. The development of cannabidiol-loaded
nanovesicles aims to overcome these limitations by improving drug stability,
enhancing transport across biological barriers, and providing sustained
release within the central nervous system.